The Main Definitions of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Main Definitions of Management - Essay Example This paper likewise talks about the difficulties looked by the board in a multicultural work arrangement which has gotten inescapable in the contemporary age. The board as a perplexing procedure There are heap of meanings of the board in the writing. Be that as it may, this isn't something specific of the executives. Writing likewise has bunch of meanings of a wide range of subjects including initiative, association and oversight. Various meanings of the executives rise up out of various types of belief systems that exist with individuals. Individuals decipher the executives regarding their individualistic encounters. No two individuals can deal with a framework the same. This happens on account of no two individuals have a similar sort of brain research and character qualities. An individual’s ability to oversee is in a general sense a result of the individual’s character attributes. The individual’s involvement with a specific arrangement additionally contribut es a great deal to the individual’s the executives abilities. An individual who is a fruitful director in a specific culture may not be similarly effective in an alternate culture. There are various inward and outside elements that direct the individual’s the executives abilities. This clarifies why various individuals decipher the executives in an unexpected way. ... tion of the board is, â€Å"The association and coordination of the exercises of an undertaking as per certain approaches and in accomplishment of characterized objectives† (BusinessDictionary, n.d.). This definition advances the idea that administration in a hierarchical arrangement is guided by the approaches built up by the proprietors. Association and coordination of the exercises led in the association in due consistence with those strategies is the activity of the board. The meaning of the board proposed by Reddy (2004) centers upon the mental part of the executives. â€Å"Management is the way toward planning and keeping up a domain in which people, cooperating, in bunches effectively achieve chose aims† (Reddy, 2004, p. 3). From this definition, it very well may be induced that administration is basically a procedure of making such a situation in the association which is mentally speaking to the laborers with the goal that they might be fulfilled and accomplish their ideal potential in work and along these lines, add to the accomplishment of the authoritative destinations. Importance of different meanings of the board The presence of heap of meanings of the executives in the writing is of a ton of essentialness. One meaning of the board gives restricted understanding into the profundity of the idea of the board. The crowds can just comprehend the board from the perspective of the individual who has given the definition. So as to increase a firm comprehension of the term, it is basic that the crowds read an entire scope of meanings of the executives and take a gander at the term from the viewpoints of numerous rationalists as opposed to one. The standard is basic; the more the definitions, the more clear the idea. Contemporary issues of the executives: Cultural

The Great Cascadia Earthquake of 2xxx

The Great Cascadia Earthquake of 2xxx Cascadia is Americas own structural rendition of Sumatra, where the size 9.3 tremor and tidal wave of 2004 happened. Extending off the Pacific shore from northern California approximately 1300 kilometers to the tip of Vancouver Island, the Cascadia subduction zone seems equipped for its own size 9 seismic tremor. What do we think about its conduct and its history? What might that extraordinary Cascadia tremor resemble? Subduction Zone Earthquakes, Cascadia and Elsewhere Subduction zones are places where one lithospheric plate plunges underneath another (see Subduction in a Nutshell). They make three sorts of quakes: those inside the upper plate, those inside the lower plate, and those between the plates. The initial two classes can incorporate huge, harming shakes of size (M) 7, practically identical toward the Northridge 1994 and Kobe 1995 occasions. They can harm entire urban areas and districts. In any case, the third classification is the thing that worries catastrophe authorities. These incredible subduction occasions, M 8 and M 9, can discharge multiple times more vitality and harm wide areas occupied by a huge number of individuals. They are what everyone implies by the Big One. Quakes get their vitality from strain (twisting) developed in rocks from the pressure powers along a deficiency (see Earthquakes in a Nutshell). Extraordinary subduction occasions are so enormous in light of the fact that the flaw included has a huge surface territory on which rocks accumulate strain. Knowing this, we can undoubtedly discover where the universes M 9 seismic tremors occur by finding the longest subduction zones: southern Mexico and Central America, South Americas Pacific coast, Iran and the Himalaya, western Indonesia, eastern Asia from New Guinea to Kamchatka, the Tonga Trench, the Aleutian Island chain and Alaska Peninsula, and Cascadia. Greatness 9 shudders contrast from littler ones out of two particular ways: they last more and they have all the more low-recurrence vitality. They dont shake any harder, yet the more prominent length of shaking causes more devastation. What's more, the low frequencies are progressively viable at causing avalanches, harming enormous structures and energizing water bodies. Their capacity to move water represents the fearsome danger of torrents, both in the shaken locale and on coastlines close and far (see more on tidal waves). After the strain vitality is discharged in incredible tremors, entire coastlines may die down as the outside layer unwinds. Seaward, the sea floor may rise. Volcanoes may react with their own action. Low-lying grounds may divert to mush from seismic liquefaction and boundless avalanches might be activated, once in a while crawling along for a considerable length of time a short time later. These things may leave intimations for future geologists. Cascadias Earthquake History Investigations of past subduction seismic tremors are inaccurate things, in view of finding their geologic signs: abrupt changes of rise that suffocate seaside woods, unsettling influences in antiquated tree rings, covered beds of sea shore sand washed far inland, etc. A quarter century of research has confirmed that Big Ones influence Cascadia, or enormous pieces of it, like clockwork. Times between occasions go from 200 to around 1000 years, and the normal is around 500 years. The latest Big One is fairly all around dated, albeit nobody in Cascadia at the time could compose. It happened around 9 p.m. on 26 January 1700. We know this in light of the fact that the tidal wave it created struck the shores of Japan the following day, where the specialists recorded the signs and harms. In Cascadia, tree rings, oral customs of the neighborhood individuals and geologic proof help this story. The Coming Big One Weve seen enough late M 9 seismic tremors to have a smart thought of what the following one will do to Cascadia: they struck possessed areas in 1960 (Chile), 1964 (Alaska), 2004 (Sumatra) and 2010 (Chile once more). The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW) as of late arranged a 24-page booklet, including photographs from noteworthy shakes, to breath life into the terrifying situation: Solid shaking will keep going for 4 minutes, killing and harming thousands.A tidal wave up to 10 meters high will wash over the coast inside minutes.Much of beach front Route 101 will be obstructed because of wave and avalanche damage.Parts of the coast will be cut off from inland urban areas when the streets are covered. Streets through the Cascades may moreover be blocked.For salvage, medical aid, and prompt help most places will be on their own.Utilities and transportation in the I-5/Highway 99 passage will be disturbed for months.Cities may have huge fatalities as tall structures collapse.Aftershocks will proceed for a considerable length of time, some of them huge tremors in themselves. From Seattle on down, Cascadian governments are getting ready for this occasion. (In this exertion they have a lot to gain from Japans Tokai Earthquake program.) The work ahead is gigantic and will never be done, yet every last bit of it will tally: government funded instruction, setting up tidal wave clearing courses, reinforcing structures and construction regulations, leading drills and the sky is the limit from there. The CREW flyer, Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: An extent 9.0 quake situation, has more.

How to Deal with a Passive-Aggressive Boss

How to Deal with a Passive-Aggressive Boss Since the big talk about citizen liberties started in the western society, somewhere in the 20th century, the aggression paradigms seem to have shifted in the civilized world from active, physical violence to more subtle, but more insidious, forms of passive aggression.Passive aggression is defined as an indirect, often verbal form of aggressive behavior that is meant to emotionally threaten the victim and destabilize it.In other words, passive-aggressive people employ all sorts of manners such as emotional blackmail, sarcasm, cynicism to outright slander in order to hurt their victims.The hurt caused is often the result of the assailants behavior which implies that the victim is inferior in some way.Passive aggression implies that its victim is either stupid, ugly, incompetent, maladapted or misfit in any general sense of the word.Victims of passive aggression are, amongst other things, manipulated and harassed psychologically which may result in physical maladies as well as in long term psychological damage.WHERE DOES IT HAPPENPassive aggression can take place anywhere where two or more (human) beings are involved in any form of correspondence and communication. It can happen in families, schools and unfortunately your office. Actually, the offices and workplaces are probably one of the most insidious places to harbor passive-aggressive behavior.Its not just because you spend most of your daily time at work, but because work affects all other aspects of your life.Being a victim of passive-aggressive behavior of your colleagues, not to mention your boss, is a sure way, not only to have your career stunted but to absorb and multiply all that anger and bring it home where it is passed on to ruin the lives of the people you love.While the most sensitive people to suffer from passive aggression are the little people or the younglings, its not easy for adults either.Especially if your boss is the assailant, the situation can be really tricky.The ways you can stand up to him or her are somewhat limited since your superintendent is protected by the hierarchy of the institution where you work.Its not just the institutional hierarchy, but the hierarchy of the whole society in which the given institution takes part, that protects and gives the upper hand to those in higher positions.The worst form of any aggression is the one which is directed towards someone who cant defend himself or herself.We all know that kids, as said, are the most vulnerable, unprotected and sensitive when it comes to that, but being abused in the office can make you feel almost as if youre a helpless kid again.Just think of junior and senior employees division and youll see that generational clash takes its toll even when youre adult and not just that, but its also the divide between social-economic classes that adds some spice to the situation. THE NECESSITY FOR UNDERSTANDING AGGRESSION AND ITS CAUSESTo understand how to deal with a passive-aggressive boss, you need to un derstand why does passive aggression (or any other form of aggression for that matter) take place and what aggression generally is.Its going to be a long explanation so bear with us.If youre too eager to find out how to deal with a passive-aggressive boss, jump straight to the Ways to deal with passive-aggression (heading down bellow), but note that the more you understand the roots of aggression, the easier it will be for you to root it out.Aggression can be countered and eradicated only by understanding the place it comes from. If you fight aggression with aggression… well thats like bombing for peace, right?WHY DOES AGGRESSION TAKE PLACEFearThe very purpose of aggressive behavior is to harm in order to hunt/take or in order to protect oneself from the hunter/taker.Since weve partially evolved past the hunter/gatherer way of life, the purpose of aggression these days is to maintain control over someone or to protect your sovereignty.Since its an affect caused by an emotional sta te, its not strictly guided by the sense of purpose nor is it guided by conscious decisions for that matter, but aggression, nevertheless, has an evolutional function.Since society has its way of thwarting the evolutional functions of life, anger and aggression are often stored when a person feels that he or she is somehow jeopardized by his or her environment. Animals have it easier when it comes to being aggressive.They dont perceive in time nor do they account for the future as far as we know so their aggressive behavior is just a short burst of purposeful action which, when the cause for it disappears, ceases.Humans, on the other hand, tend to remember both the cause for aggression and the feeling of being jeopardized so they preserve and prolong the whole anger thing way past its expiration date.So aggression comes from anger and anger comes from fear, but where does fear come from?Fear comes from any threat to our homeostasis and naturally established bio-functionality (or the survival capacity).To make things more complicated, fear is not only an emotional reaction to real threats, but it can also stem from our interpretation of what a threat is.Wherever our interpretation of phenomena takes part, there opens an infinite space for our fancy to go wild… and our judgment is almost always subjectively or socially biased.Having said that, its easy to assume that fear can come from any psycho-physical instability and when drenched in the social context, almost anything can destabilize the psyche. In other words, we are biologically prone to fear.One of the main reasons for fear is discontent which can come from real psychological or even physical deficiencies, but it can also come from an individual or social opinion on what a deficiency is.EgoMost of it is related to the Ego as defined by New Age derivations of ancient eastern cultures.By that definition, the Ego is not who we are, but who we think we are.Its an idea about ourselves, an image, a mirage we ve devised for ourselves to explain ourselves to ourselves. So much ourselves in this definition, right?Since its a non-existent thing, based on a mere narrative, the Ego is very fragile and everything and anything that can threaten to destabilize and expose the lie we tell ourselves about ourselves harms the ego.Needless to say that we, since we identify with the Ego, react with anger and aggression to protect it.We do it with vigor because we think that were protecting ourselves when, in essence, we are protecting a mere fable about ourselves.Although the Ego isnt what we really are and in that way isnt true, it is a real entity or a complex psychological mechanism that directs the tendencies of our behavior.The emotional and the physical reactions stemming from Ego are as real as they get, even though theyre based in drama.Thats right, the Ego likes drama because conflict gives it something to talk about.It gives it context and the fertile soil to grow and tell stories about itse lf. It stabilizes itself through destabilization of everything around it, as long as the whole drama gives it a role a sense of identity and a taste of real existence.One of the many problems with the ego is that it has its expectations. It is entitled and tends to claim a certain social status that it deems appropriate for itself.Whenever the image of it being privileged by a certain status gets distorted, the ego reacts aggressively.The other reason for aggressive behavior is childhood or past trauma.Whether their parents didnt give them enough love or their peers abused them in school or there was another form of frustration, it doesnt matter.Aggressive people get stuck on that frustration and they prolong in by replaying the scenario in their heads over and over so theyre still protecting themselves from the trauma, although what caused it is long gone.They can also get stuck in compensating for what they lacked in a certain psycho-physically formative period of time.Having sai d that, its fair to draw a conclusion that, depending on the story we tell ourselves about ourselves, anything and everything can hurt our egos, cause everything and anything can cause the story about ourselves to crumble.If youre not prone to eastern mysticism, a term of persona as used by Carl Jung in analytical psychology may be more suitable for you.Either way, its the exact same thing since Dr. Carl Jung has thoroughly read eastern philosophy and has found a way to blend it with the modern science of psychiatry and psychology.DesireIt can even be a desire. Not getting what they want can make people become aggressive.If theyre passive-aggressive towards you, chances are that you didnt give them something they wanted from you or expected from you to give.If youre an attractive female, for example, your bosses may often think that theyre entitled to your affection, just because theyre your superintendents.When their expectations arent being met, they punish you with passive-aggres sive behavior for thwarting their hopes.JealousyIf your boss is the same sex (and gender) as you are, he or she may experience some jealousy if you are in any aspect superior to them.It doesnt quite match the hierarchy of the company for the subordinates to be superior in any way so if you dare to be better looking or in any way more virtuous than your boss, you might get abused for the sake of sanctioning your misbehavior.Almost any frustration can be the cause of passive-aggressive behavior so one may only guess what caused it.If you are the cause of your bosss frustration, you may get punished by him or her being passive-aggressive, but it can also be the case that you are just collateral damage.Although the passive form of aggression is the more sinister and articulate one than general aggression, its not always that precise. Its rather an inert discharge of negative energy just like any kind of assailant behavior.WAYS TO DEAL WITH PASSIVE-AGGRESSIONFirst, make sure its passive- aggression that were talking about.One random outburst of negative energy is not necessarily passive-aggression.It can be, but its not that dangerous so that you have to read on the internet about the ways of countering it.1. Ask yourself for how long has your boss been behaving that way.If its just a random outburst then its ok, but be very mindful about it and dont let it get repetitive or chronic, because getting used to it and not noticing it anymore may get you stuck in a toxic environment and a toxic relationship without you even realizing it.2. After youve established that its passive aggression, thoroughly analyze your previous behavior.Look for any injustice or hurt you might have caused to your boss, whether professionally or personally, it doesnt matter.3. If you cant think of a reason why your boss would treat you that way, ask him or her for an explanation.Dont be aggressive whilst doing it because aggression only breeds more aggression. Be calm and keep your cool. Main tain composure.Ask in a peaceful tone if youve done them any wrong? Then ask them why they are behaving like that and if they think you deserve it.4. Make sure you tell them that you dont enjoy being treated that way.Actually, go a mile longer and tell them that its unpleasant and that it makes you feel really bad.You can even say that it makes you sad or that it makes you suffer. Inform them that theyre hurting you, just to rule out the possibility of them doing it unaware of the damage they cause.Make them take responsibility for it.5. If nothing helps, tell them that you wont put up with it any longer.Of course, here comes the question of what will/can you do about it. There are some things that you can always do:Seek help from someone in power. These days, the Equality Act passed in 2000 protects you from mobbing and similar bullying at work. Look for the institutions that enforce the law and seek the help of an attorney. You can also seek help from your HR department and ask ma nagers to arbitrate and well… manage.Employ direct verbal aggression countermeasures to take them out on the open field where you just might win. Passive-aggressive people sometimes opt for a passive option because theyre smarter and more subtle, but they often opt for passive aggression because theyre actually frightened of direct verbal conflict.Fight fire with fire, but only if you have the bigger gun, so to speak. People who arent aggressive by nature are often caught by surprise with sarcasm, cynicism, and others being mean to them for no reason. They often just freeze and shut up because they dont know how to react to mordacity and plain stupidity of sarcasm.Sometimes stupid people can only understand stupidity so you have to fight them on their ground.There is that Mark Twains quote though If you dont want to listen to Mark Twain, however, heres how you can be… unwise and blunt.When people are sarcastic and you want to fight fire with fire, go with something like this:               Sarcasm, huh? Thats new. Its like meta-sarcasm. Sarcasm on the subject of being sarcastic.You can even aim for the soft spots like: Why are you so bitter? Did you mommy not give you   enough love?Improvise on the matter with: Daddy didnt want you, huh?Do that until you see that you hit a nerve then drill on until you destroy them. Kidding… Or not Its up to you.Our advice is to listen to Mark Twain though. This is not the best way of dealing with passive-aggression, especially not when its your boss that youre dealing with.Remove yourself from their presence. Make sure its not running out of fear of conflict because that has its way of becoming a handicap. Make it a tactical retreat.Completely ignore them. The keyword here is completely. Not a word. Not a movement. Not a thought about what theyre saying or doing. Try to be ignorant and completely passive both externally and internally. Simply dont pay attention to it. Its the hardest, but the best counter-measurement ever.It does, however, demand that you contemplate a lot before it and practice meditation and mindfulness. Maybe practice some Zen too. ANCIENT REMEDIES FOR AGGRESSIONIt seems that society politically started addressing the problem of aggression and its insidious shadow of passivity, only recently.Its only after the WW2 that society came to address the question of aggression whether its national, social, racial, sexual, gender-based or based in status differences, individual, or due to the generational gap, etc.However, the solution to the problem is not a 20th-century product nor is it a modern invention for that matter.It stems from religious, philosophical and spiritual teachings of different ancient cultures from around the world.Namely, Buddha and Jesus as the most popular and possibly best advocates of peace, love, and forgiveness have influenced our modern-day culture, but chances are that harmony and peace have been preached about even before their time.However, they have n arrowed it down and refined the cure so that you dont get better only if you dont want to take it. They made it simple.Do not confuse simple with easy though. Its as hard as it gets, but at least its not complicated. So what is it?Simply forgive. Let it go. Drop it like its hot.Back then they didnt have these fancy words like passive aggression and assertive communication.They didn’t have words for psychology, psychiatry, sociology, biology, etc. They didnt have the need for them. Somehow they got to the root of it by themselves.So here is the basis of the philosophy summed up in a few simple sayings:Fire breeds fire and aggression breeds aggression. You can fight fire with fire, but a scorched earth remains.You burned everything even if you put it out. In other words, if youre not a fan of Christianity, heres a saying for you:An eye for an eye leaves the whole world blind.If youre anti-religious then consider a paradox of killing all the killers in the world.Even when you do it, theres one killer left unless you kill yourself too. Makes you wanna get baptized, huh?The moral of the story is that quid pro quo reasoning doesnt get us anywhere.The economy of human relationships based on this for that is bound to fail and ravage us all.The only way to stop the reproductive cycle of aggression and negativity is to forgive and let it go.As Jesus would say: Turn the other cheek. Youre not doing it because youre a coward or because youre weak.Thats not the reason to turn the other cheek. You do it in order to save yourself, your assailant and the world of the exponential growth of negativity.You do it because youre actually stronger and youre fighting a much tougher opponent than the one who slapped you.Youre fighting yourself. Youre fighting a battle to not give in to your ego, your pride, and your vanity.How to forgive and let goThe only way to do it is to try and understand your assailant. The only way not to become an assailant yourself is to rise above him. If you react in the same manner he acts, youve become like him, so even if he doesnt win, what he is essentially will.When you understand that all his aggression comes from a sad and a weak place in him, you start empathizing with him instead of judging him and hating him for the damage he inflicted.You dont react to him, you react to what caused him to behave like that and how do we react to sadness? With sadness and empathy.You take pity on the whole plethora of causes for such behavior.If youre gonna get angry, get angry with what caused your boss to behave like an idiot, dont get angry with him for being one.Turning the other cheek is neither a spiteful nor a crazy act. Its just refusing to respond to aggression, but seeing through it. Its understanding the whole cycle and acting accordingly.When you see the bigger picture and the reasons behind peoples actions, you put your blame elsewhere or better yet, the blame you put disperses over the width of the frame. You just turn away f rom it and get away from it. Because its bad.Theres no better way of pointing out the inadequacy of the assailants behavior and the futility of his actions. Remember that they want conflict.Their Ego needs the drama to provide a role for it to play and to reinstate its identity through that role.Dont give them what they want or what their Ego wants.Dont give them conflict.Give them what they need instead and thats peace. In order to do that, you yourself must be peaceful.Remember that they feel agitated because their sense of self is threatened by something. Remember that they already suffer. Dont add oil to the fire. Youll both get burned.Dont respond to their EgoIts their Ego trying to communicate with yours asking for confirmation.Even when they fight, Egos work together. They play a drama in which they mutually reassure each other of their existence.Instead of reacting, try to understand them.Silence is golden. Instead of speaking, listen to them without reacting or internally c riticizing their statements.Try to understand the causes of their behavior. Dont be afraid, its not the end of the world even if you get offended or even slapped. Just breathe and take it easy. Easy does it.Its not to say that you shouldnt know how to take care of yourself and protect yourself.This IS protecting yourself and protecting your opponent which demonstrates a higher level of skill.Imagine that a 4-year-old kid starts challenging you to a fight and kicking you.Do you respond to a challenge? No. You dont even feel challenged.Regard the passive-aggressive assailants as children because they do demonstrate an infantile behavior.Its just punishing others and emotionally blackmailing them and threatening them because they didnt get what they want. Outsmart those silly egoistic mechanisms of behavior. HOW TO THINK ABOUT PASSIVE AGGRESSION: UNDERSTANDING KARMA OR THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTIONTheres a higher mechanism at play that could be described as the law of karma.If that so unds to mumbo-jumbo to you, then just think of Newtonian law of action and reaction.After all, karma doesnt have to imply some mystic force that punishes people for their sins.Karma literally means action or doing. It means that you reap what you sow because your action in it holds both its cause and the effect.It is by itself a punishment or a reward. In other words, your doing, if negative, becomes your undoing. Everything that happens to you is your doing.If you take that into consideration, you have a sense that all will be resolved.Theres no need for you to react or force a reaction because the reaction will be provided by the system of existence itself.It will find a way to account for each doing just like water perfectly accepts and reflects every shape that it meets and greets.Some people consider this philosophy too nihilistic and passive.Similar to the philosophy of Christianity where Heaven will eventually account for everything and give everyone their due, karma can make you a fatalist which would cause you to deny your own willpower and become passive.However, leaving things to karma doesnt mean that you negate your own consciousness or willpower, it means that you bring them to harmony with the universal flow of doing.Its not thinking that youre powerless but simply admitting that you dont control everything in this universe and that theres no need for you to act as if you do.Many things in life take care by themselves in their own natural course so sit back, relax and let them unfold without giving them too much thought because if you do, youll just waste your time and your nerves.Its just as the wisdom of Zen rephrased by Coelho puts it, insults are like gifts.If you dont take them (react to them) insults get shipped back to the sender.Of course, Zen also says that its better to be a warrior in the garden than a gardener at war so be careful not to let the zealous passivity become your excuse for not standing up for yourself and becoming weak.M ake sure that everything you do doesnt come from the place of fear or from the place of convictions, but from the place of wisdom and intuition.WHAT PSYCHOLOGY 1O1 TEACHES USIf youre not prone to philosophy and deep analysis and you want a quick fix instead, heres what science of positive psychology says about the way you should deal with passive-aggressive behavior, whoever your assailant might be:1. Recognize passive-aggressive behavior patterns such as:Sarcastic and cynical comments No need to explain these ones.Incoherence between verbal and non-verbal reactions to your presence Their face might give them off or vice versa they may smile as they insult you. They sometimes lack the confidence to say no to others so they keep pleasing them at their own expense. Then they try to compensate for it by punishing others with indirect anger and negativity pointed at them.If you confront them about it they may act as if youre the one making the drama for no reason. Thy use lies and ma nipulation so watch out.General logical or discursive incoherence while this happens rarely, passive-aggressive narcissists are known to sometimes plead insanity in order to avoid the exposure of their aggression and culpability. Watch out for ignoratio elenchi or a straw manBeing too silent, too secretive and too discrete People use this one to keep others in the state of anxiety and uncertainty as they are forced to interpret the assailants silence.Thriving on your mistakes there, I told you so and other pleasant comments. Passive-aggressive people are also playing the role of a critic, coach or a preacher.Presenting themselves as victims assailants do this to instill a sense of blame and indebtedness in their victims.Blaming others for their frustrations simply put theyre always someones or somethings victims and they never take responsibility.Gossiping and lying is there a need to explain this one?Ignoring as a form of emotional blackmail meant to hurt you by implying tha t youre not worthy of someones attention. Enter silent treatments…Not honoring their words or deals made with others this one is most commonly followed by a myriad of excuses. Never taking responsibility for their mistakes is a trademark of passive-aggressive people. E.G. Passive-aggressive people are ALWAYS LATE.Evasive behavior and avoidance Since some of passive-aggressive assailants like keeping the lines open, but they dont like engaging in a relationship, they seem to engage in a correspondence, but then they fail to act accordingly, they avoid confronting, they avoid responding, they dont pick up or answer messages, rather than telling you that they dont want to engage…They do that because theyre afraid of peoples negative reactions. They prefer to be in the grace of others, but they fail to commit and do their part of the correspondence.They are never sincere about it and like to keep you as a reserve for when they become needy so they keep stalling on delivering the g oods.Clinging and being possessive whilst pleading dependence Theyre too scared to be alone, but their own dependence is the cause of frustration for them so they keep blaming you for not being able to stand you whilst not being able to bear losing you. Source: angermanagementresource.com2. React accordingly by:Asking them if you ever did something to cause them harm. Then ask why are they causing you harm.Holding them accountable Dont be a people-pleaser. Stop making excuses for their aggressive behavior. Dont apologize for their mistakes unless you did something wrong! Be upfront and when they try to place the blame on you, stand your ground.Putting your needs first Passive-aggressive people like manipulating or forcing and blackmailing people into putting their needs first. Dont let them do that to you.Dropping the game Their stored and suppressed anger seeks a partner to play with. Theyre just big neurotic and narcissistic babies angry at the world because no one will play with them. Play, but dont fight. Dont let the whole thing get under your skin. Maintain a positive attitude at all times. Know who you are and what youre worth and dont let them instill doubt in you.Confronting the issue Bring the whole story about their b ehavior out into the open. Assertive behavior means standing up for yourself, but calmly, without intentionally trying to hurt the assailant. Assertion is not a reactive, nor passive but a proactive form of behavior. Tell them that you think theyre abusive, explain to them why and explain that you wont put up with it. Dont be too lenient.Set your limits and dont back down. Remember, in its essence, dealing with a passive-aggressive person is a power struggle. Be wise, dont be blunt. But dont be weak either.Remembering the causes for their behavior and staying calm aggressive people are usually aggressive because theyve stored up fear and anger caused by other aggressors they didnt stand up to. Help alleviate their fear. Source: visme.co/CONCLUSIONThe way to deal with a passive-aggressive boss is the same as dealing with any other passive-aggressive assailant out there.Read this article over and over and constantly remind yourself of ways to outsmart passive-aggressive behavior. There are only three ways to respond:To burst out into aggression, to avoid the situation, to try to escape and suppress the reaction which will cause you to become passive-aggressive towards people around you or to practice being assertive which is, without a doubt, the hardest and the best way possible to address the situation.Each one of us is responsible for taking care of himself or herself. Each one of us should protect themselves from abusive behavior so as to break the cycle of abuse.Aggression tends to spread like a virus and it can develop from an individual disposition to a social disposition.Just think of how feminism stood up against abuse and exploitation of women but mutated into a passive-aggressive insisting on antagonizing everything and everyone, even its own fractions in order to indirectly impose an ideology that mutated from feminism into a form of fascism.Same happened with communism and all the other ideologies that came from emotional reactions to long-term oppression.When you think of it, its your social and humanistic responsibility to recognize and root out any form of aggression, whether its coming from your loved ones, your bosses or perhaps even yourself.All of us should be mindful and confront the tyranny of our psychopathological dispositions which, by the inertia of neurosis, lead us to a certain and utter failure in life… as individuals, companies, and societies.Dealing with mental and psychological hygiene is a matter of economy and entrepreneurship as well. Its not just something to leave to your HR manager.Its something all of us should manage equally, both as individuals and as a collective.

Gender Roles and Marriage Essay - 1997 Words

The representation of gender roles and marriage has always been a controversial issue. However, much can be learned about unhappy marriages when examining the roles of both females and males within the marriage. The examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage. Gardiner’s County Lovers presents its fairly clear theme right from the beginning of the story. Yes, there is a theme of race, but if you look even deeper you can see the underlying idea of marriage and†¦show more content†¦When the Loisel’s had to earn more money to pay off their debts, Mr. Loisel takes on a second job working outside of them home while Mrs. Loisel works in the home cooking, cleaning, and taking on the care giver role. In the begging of the story it seemed as though Mathilde held most of the power in their marriage, but once conflict arose the power shifted back to Mr. Loisel, as Mathilde continued to do exactly what he said without questioning. This story is also told from a third-person point of view. The narrator is not part of the story and presents the action to the reader from on outside view. The reader is able to see everything through the eyes or the narrator, but the reliability is questionable in that the information coming from a third party. The style of writing is very fluent and easy to follow, which makes for a very enjoyable read. deMauppassant uses situation irony in a creative way to give the story an humorous twist; when Mathilde finds out the diamond she and her husband have been working so hard to pay off, was actually imitation. This discrepancy allows the author to add humor, giving the story a light and playful tone. The use of satire exists towards the end of the story in the form of a farce. Subtle humor and hilarity is developed through improbable situations and exaggeration. In this situation the probability of Mr. And Mrs. Loisel going through ten years of misery and poverty just to find out theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Gender Roles On Marriage1306 Words   |  6 PagesChina analyzed the effects of gender roles on marriage. The study investigated the marriage rates of men versus women based on their educational attainment. By using data from the CGSS (Chinese General Social Surveys), the hypotheses were tested that college women have lower marriage rates than men, and husbands have higher education and women are younger with lower education. The study asked adults 18 years and older their age, level of education, age of first marriage, and spouse’s level of educationRead MoreMarriage and Gender Roles Within Married Life815 Words   |  3 PagesMarriage and Gender Roles Within Ma rried Life Marriage is one of the most sacred and intimate rituals or celebrations that exist in all religions. It is often seen as an important and a defining step in your life. Traditionally, marriage is a ritual and ceremony that celebrates the official joining of two people by law. This definition of marriage varies from culture to culture since marriage can be viewed differently for them. The two religions of Hinduism and Buddhism both allow marriages, butRead MoreThe Problem With Marriage Is Gender Roles. . When It Comes1865 Words   |  8 PagesWith Marriage Is Gender Roles When it comes to communicating with other genders, each gender has their own way of displaying their opinions, but to communicate on the highest level, they need to understand the â€Å"rules† that apply to each gender. As presented by Dr.Pat Heim in her video, â€Å"The Invisible Rules: Men, Women, and Teams,† each gender is a â€Å"culture† in itself, raised with invisible rules of conduct instinctively known to all adult members of that gender. When it comes to marriage, how doRead MoreGender Roles Within The Social Sciences And Humanities1693 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Roles in Marriage Brandon Smith Georgia Southern University â€Æ' Gender Roles in Marriage Gender roles are defined as a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex. Gender roles differ between different sets of cultures but it is widely accepted that gender roles reflect the expectations that go alongRead MoreThe Confusion Of Today s Culture1246 Words   |  5 Pagesin today’s culture about â€Å"roles† in marriage compels us to understand what unique responsibilities various cultures assign to a wife. With this, many cultures place a special emphasis on the headship granted to the husband and the role of subordination belonging to the wife. In various places, men have authority over their wives, in law and in practice. Modern values such as gender equality may be at odds with some traditions, one example being a traditional jewish marriage, which is based on the manRead More Marriage Is An Institution That Is Important1455 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is an institution that is very sacred to many people in the world as well as an old institution. Therefore ideas about marriage have changed throughout the years as well as ideas about sex and gender, for these concepts have been notoriously linked and effect one another’s evolution. The Eighteenth Century marked a period of changing attitudes of marriage and therefore sex and gender. For centuries before this period, the Catholic Church dominated the domain of marriage, controlling theRead MoreThe Evolution Of Marriage : Private Relationship Or Pubic Policy1668 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution of Marriage: Private Relationship or Pubic Policy From the popular 1960s televisions series â€Å"Father Know Best† depicting the perfect traditional family, to the 2011-2012 Best Comedy Series â€Å"Modern Family,† the idea of how marriage is portrayed in the United States continues to evolve. The evolution of marriage extends beyond the private relationship between two people, into the public domain where societal norms, legal restrictions, and public policy come into effect. As gender equalityRead MoreJudy Bradys I Want a Wife1416 Words   |  6 Pages There have been many studies about gender roles in a marriage. The wife seems to do a lot. Women feel sometimes they do too much. Married couples should be able to work together. Sometime when the wife does everything it puts a constraint on the marriage. A marriage not only needs to survive, but thrive. In a marriage a husband and wife should be able share the same roles as needed. Society has a perceived notion of this. Everything today in a marriage should be able to be shifted back and forthRead MoreComparing The Way That Trifles And The Story Of An Hour924 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† portray gender roles. Both of these stories portray two women very unhappy in their marriages and portray men as the dominant force. Trifles and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† both deal with very specific gender roles throughout the stories that relate to the time period they were written in. Trifles deals with gender roles by using a woman that feels trapped in her marriage. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† also uses a woman that feels trapped in her marriage to express woman’s position atRead MoreThe Existential Paralysis Of Women1402 Words   |  6 Pagessubmissive female gender roles in the domestic sphere in Simone de Beauvoir’s â€Å"The Existential Paralysis of Women† and in Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility. Beauvoir’s article defines the suffering that women endure as servants in the home due to the overarching construction of submissive gender roles in the â€Å"masculine world.† This construction of gender role relies on male-based institutions that have educated women to believe that are inferior as an innate biological fact, yet these gender values have

West Central Queens Is A Middle Class Section Of The New...

Introduction West Central Queens community is a middle class section of the New York City borough of Queens. The Dutch and the German farmers who had sold their produce in Manhattan, NY once populated the Rego Park neighborhood. The name Rego Park comes from the real good construction company, this company was developed in the year of the mid 1920 s.West Central Queens population has 240,900 people, of the age 22-44 years (old middle aged). The race/ethnicity has a higher portion 60% of white people with the poverty being below level. Below is a pie chart that demonstrates the disparity between the two communities. There is a higher percentage of poverty in Queens. An area that I would like to explore is West Central Queens/Rego Park where I have been living for the past 3 years. My community is facing an issue on cancer such as women not getting screening to detect cancer at an early stage. Cancer has been rated below average such as breast cancer and cervical cancer. 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Factors Outside the Influence of the Architect Free Essays

Essay In this paper, I focus on the factors outside the designers influence the undertaking today largely. Sing the whole procedure of undertaking, I think that the most impotent outside factor is the client. He or she gives designers all sorts of demands such as brief, cost, clip, quality etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Outside the Influence of the Architect or any similar topic only for you Order Now and do designers accomplish these purposes. The inside informations of the positive and negative facets of these influences are discussed in ulterior subdivisions. Architecture trade, in commercial analysis, is service trade. Clients employ designers to finish design and pay them. Then architects achieve the undertaking. It is the simplest procedure of one undertaking. As the beginning of the procedure, clients are the most of import outside factor which impact the undertaking. However, architecture trade besides belongs to cultural industry. Interior designers have duty to demo something meaningful. So when clients’ demands run into architects’ thought, struggle between designers and clients may be ineluctable. What really happened on the struggle? In the follows essay, I focus two facets, design brief and demands, to show the impact. At foremost, the effects of design brief are discussed. In fact, brief is clients’ desire. It tells interior decorators what clients want or non. In most instance the construct of one undertaking is born from the design brief which helps interior decorators make certain the way of undertaking as good. So the impact of design brief may runs throughout the whole procedure of design. It means brief might make up one’s mind one building’s map, manner even aesthetic signifier. For case when clients need a train station, designers can non make a school ; when clients desire a countryside manner house, designers can non make a modernism house. That is to state designers can non make what they own want, disregarding client brief. Whereas, the inquiries that should architects merely do project to run into clients, and should organize follows designers or clients, confuse interior decorators a batch. From the point where I stand, Architects should ne’er merely satis fy with clients’ demands without their ain thought. They need to utilize their ain manner to footnote the design brief instead than merely copying it. Richard McCormack who is former RIBA president wrote in his debut to the art procedure exhibition in 1993, â€Å"successful design transcends expectation.† ( Ralph Morton, David Jaggar, 1995:19 ) Equally far as the impact of design brief. The negative facet is that the brief usually can non be decided at one time it will be changed with the development of undertaking. In most instance, designers may give their professional suggestions to optimise design brief. So frequently has to germinate to get by with alterations in fortunes as the undertaking develops. It is non easy for them to seek to reply demands and aspirations that are both everyday and poetic ( Anderson, Jane, 2011:64 ) . Though brief may do some challenges, in my sentiment, it brings more positive impact on edifice design. It is difficult for designers to plan undertaking without brief. Actually, if the whole procedure is compared to one journey, design brief is our compass which leads to the way. What architect demand to make is esteem design brief and so exceed it. In 2nd subdivision, I focus on the clients’ demands. These demands include, cost, quality and clip. These three elements make up a direction trigon and interplay each other. To get down with, costis a premier consideration. C.M.H.Barritt ( 1982:76 ) stated â€Å"budget bases for the maximal figure that client can afford, or considers economically suitable.† The budget can restrict designers in all facets throughout the whole procedure, such as stuffs, frontage, etc. So how to efficaciously utilize money is one pretty important thing. Same as making a math inquiry, designers have to happen the most value point. It requires interior decorators balance assorted facets and can command the rate at which money is spent. img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopMies_van_der_Rohe_photo_Farnsworth_House_Plano_USA_1_a†°Ã‚ ¬.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.001.jpg"Massive money can non assure that one undertaking must be perfect, but less money will be harder to back up one antic design. For illustration if one client gives ?1m to plan a house and another one client give you ?10,000 to make the same undertaking, the consequence is obvious. In most instance, clients want to utilize minimum money to accomplish more ends. It is a large challenge for designers. It means that designers may merely scarify the quality to salvage money sometimes. On the other manus, one time the cost is overspending, the whole procedure will be impacted. Even something worse happen. Take ( designed and built between 1946 and 1951 ) for illustration, the primary budget increased by 50 % from $ 40,000. It is due the fact that designer, Mies van der Rohe, merely used the best stuffs and workmanship for his ain demand, disregarding the influence of the rising prices attender to the Korean War. With the development of building, the relationship between Mies van der Rohe and Edith Farnsworth who was the client was broken bit by bit, although they likely had an matter. Finally Mies claimed Farnsworth owed him $ 28,173 and won the instance. ( Franz, Schulze, 1985:253-259 ) img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopc†¹-a†º?_2014-03-27_13-47-25.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.002.png"As the affair of negative fact that most of clients really do non cognize how much it will pass to fulfill with their purposes. So it asked for designers to set client’s brief to command cost in a sensible scope ( D. Jaggar, R. Morton, 1995:19 ) . To sum up, I agree with the thought of C.M.H.Barritt ( 1982:76 ) that although design squad normally feel non of really great because of sing cost restriction, they still need to cognize how much money can be allocated to the different constituents of the undertaking so that each portion can be design consequently. img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopc†¹-a†º?_2014-03-27_13-47-44.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.003.png"Time is another important factor which impact undertaking. Clients will give designers the clip restriction for finishing one edifice. Generally, a sensible clip restriction can be good to designers finishing the undertaking. But In most instances clients hope to understate clip. So in order to finish in clip, interior decorators may disregard some inside informations. Even worse if designer can non make the undertaking as agenda, the consequences could be atrocious. At first, the quality of undertaking will be influenced when the clip is excessively tight. Take Sochi Olympics for illustration, before opening some installations are non completed, people can happen some unfinished equipment such as urinals without pipe and excess shower hosiery. ( As right images ) img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopsochifront-of-building2FP.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.004.jpg"Second, as we all known, overspend ever come together with overtime. Clients may be face with the serious fiscal job that they need pay excess fees to back up the whole squad until the edifice is completed. For illustration, TheScottish Parliament Buildingunderwent 3 old ages hold and spirallingcostrose that approximately 10 times more expensive than original budget ( Cohen, David, 2005:98 ) , and img alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopsochidownload.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.005.jpg"The Houses of Parliament suffered from a really serious overtime job that it was 26 old ages tardily 5 times longer than expected and more than twice the expected cost ( Cavendish, Richard, 2002:52 ) . Furthermore, in footings of some public edifices such as railroad station, infirmary and school etc. we must assure these undertakings are completed as agenda, we can non allow trains drive to building site ; pupils have lectures with steel and concrete ; patients relax with dust. So how to efficaciously salvage clip go pretty of import. In order to avoid overtime, interior decorators need to see these things as follows ; Prepare equal money, stuffs, equipment and labor. Manage teamwork efficaciously Contact relevant sections Merely in this manner can assist architect cut down the hazard of overtime and get the better of the challenge of clip restriction. In general, the impact of clip restriction is forcing designers to make design, if the push power is suited, it will positively excite designers do undertaking. However, if the push power is excessively strong, it may act upon the quality of buildings even lead to overtime and do more jobs. In footings of quality, edifice codification is one basic component. Building codification is one manner to prove the edifice quality. It establishes reasonably complete system to measure one undertaking. The demands that include thermic mass, waterproofing, fire protection etc. will keep designers. It means that the undertakings which can non run into the edifice codification will non be achieved. To some grade, edifice codification decides undertakings can be done or non. However, although the undertaking satisfies with the edifice codification, it merely can be called â€Å"qualified† . Whereas, qualified is non means high quality. In order to better the quality, designers besides need to see the safety of stuffsimg alt="C:Users ewmanDesktopsochi1ronan_point1_ready.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0908909.006.jpg"and engineering. Actually, the stuffs we choose must last for a long clip and endure a batch of wear and conditions ( K.W. Forges, 1981:31 ) . Take Ronan Point for illustration, gas detonation caused a partial prostration of the construction that leaded to four people dead and 17 injured. Finally research workers amazingly found that hapless craft at the critical connexions between the panels may be the existent ground doing this issue. Subsequently, the issues of prostration straight lead to most states have adopted structural unity or â€Å"robustness† commissariats ( Pearson, C. ; Delatte, 2005:172-177 ) . In order to ne’er let the historical calamity to go on once more, people ought to pay more attending to bettering engineerings and stuffs. In fact, with the development of engineerings and stuffs, the quality of undertakings additions proportionally . It is known to all, after the industry revolution a batch of new engineerings and stuffs were invented. The dream of skyscraper was come true. Compared with traditional edifices, the new manner building improves constructing quality quickly. These are the consequences of development of engineerings and stuffs. In my sentiment, Architects must assure the quality of one undertaking because it is the most basic demand. Sing constructing codification, designers sometime have to give up some astonishing undertaking. However, with more new stuffs and engineerings are invented, designers can acquire more chances to accomplish their antic and brainsick design. These factors can non be separated, they interplay each other, if we change anyone, the balance will be broken and the undertaking will be changed. So it requires designers see these factors at the same clip. D. Jaggar, R. Morton ( 1995:19 ) pointed out â€Å"as the brief is considered and developed, some thought of cost has to be established quickly.† For case, when clients decrease cost, the undertaking may detain and the quality may travel off. If clients want to understate clip, the cost may increase and the quality may travel off excessively. Furthermore, all these alterations are unpredictable and the brand the undertaking out of control, eventually these may do all sorts of jobs. So it requires the undertaking has adequate ‘space’ to accommodate these sorts of alterations. To sum up, Clients are non merely the beginning of one undertaking but besides the terminal of one undertaking. As the cardinal stakeholder they reserve the right of concluding determination and the impact of clients’ demands penetrated every facet of design. Brief aid designers make certain the purpose and demands decide design way. Even though these demands may do challenges sometimes, they have more positive influence of undertaking compared with negative influence. What designers should make is esteem clients’ demands and utilize their thought to accomplish more valuable design. Mention Cohen, David. ( 2005 ) ‘appallingly expensive and old ages tardily, yet spliting with dreamlike bravura, the Scottish Parliament may finally be EMBT and RMJM ‘s climbing nightshade masterpiece’ ,Architectural record, 2005, 193 ( 2 ) : 98-111. Cavendish, Richard. ( 2002 ) ‘State Opening of the New Houses of Parliament’ ,History Today, Nov2002, 52 ( 11 ) , 62. Pearson, C. ; Delatte, N. ( 2005 ) ‘ Ronan Point flat tower prostration and its consequence on edifice codifications ’ ,Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, May 2005, 19 ( 2 ) :172-177. Morton, Ralph, Jaggar, David. ( 1995 )design and the economic sciences of edifice, London: spon. Franz, Schulze. ( 1985 )MIES VAN DER ROHE A Critical Biography, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Barritt, C.M.H. ( 1982 )Architectural design and processs, London: Longmans. Forges, K.W. ( 1981 )rules of design in architecture, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Anderson, Jane ( 2011 )architectural design, Lausanne: AVA Academia. How to cite Factors Outside the Influence of the Architect, Essay examples

Meursault Essays - Absurdist Fiction, The Stranger, Meursault

Meursault Meursault is a man who will not lie to himself. He will not feign emotion, nor use religion as a vehicle to give his life meaning. Meursault has a passion for the truth, which opens the revelation for all humanity: life is absurd; it is man's mortal responsibility to be committed to himself, for death is absolute and inevitable. In Albert Camus' The Stranger, his behavior and characteristics display him as an immoral man, expressing indifference towards society's formulas for normalcy. The lack of emotion Mersault has concerning the death of his mother is an excellent portrayal of his beast-like, immoral character. Meursault defies the customary code of behavior by refusing to see his mother's carcass, and instead, he fell asleep and accepted coffee and cigarettes at the vigil. Additionally, he does not honor a period of mourning. In place of mourning, Meursault goes swimming, sees a comedy film with a girl, then proceeds to take her home and make love to her. Mersault doesn't even remember anything about the funeral except for something that one of the nurses had said. ?If you go slowly, you risk getting sunstroke. But if you go too fast, you work up a sweat and then catch a chill inside the church? (page 17). The fact that this and several other images are his only memories of his mother's funeral show his lack of emotion and reguard for subjects that are deemed important by the majority of mankind. These prominent disrespects to the accepted regulations of society are what unmistakably denounce him at the trial; society fears apathy and condemns Meursault in order to preserve the town's feelings of comfort that is maintained by communal order and religion. Meursault is also a stranger to behaving in a gregarious manner and conforming to social formalities. His so-called friend Raymond invites Meursault to his apartment to have blood sausage and wine, then goes on to tell Meursault about his Arab girlfriend and how he beat her because she was cheating on him. He wants to discipline this girl by means of chastisement even though he still has sexual feelings for her. Raymond asks Meursault what he thinks about the whole thing and Meursault says he doesn't think anything but that it was interesting? (page 32). The conversation continues and Mersaults responses exemplify why Raymond enjoys his company so much; Mersault has no definite opinion of his own and he always appears to be in accord with what everyone else has to say. ?He asked if I thought she was cheating on him, and it seemed to me she was; if I thought she should be punished and what I would do in his place, and I said you can't ever be sure, but I understood his wanting to punish her (page 32). Meursault lacks morals. He has no need for them. Values for him do not enter his life for they do not have an impact on him. Meursault proceeds to please Raymond with his listless attitude to Raymond's social relations by writing an indecent letter to his Arab girlfriend. Meursault does not contemplate the outcomes in writing an asinine letter to a woman he has never met, nor the impression it could leave on her life. Meursault simply does not care about any of this and thus he has no moral obligations. Raymond and Mersault had gone to the beach to visit Raymond's friend Masson at his beach house. Upon walking down the beach, Raymond and Mersault cane across two Arabs that Raymond had a conflict with prior to this moment. Due to Raymond's desire for revenge, he and Mersault travel down the beach, Raymond with a revolver, Mersault unarmed. Raymond contemplates shooting his man (his girlfriend's brother), but Meursault tells him he can only shoot in self-defense in the case that the Arab pulls his knife. Then he takes Raymond's gun, which the sunlight catches, and goes back with him to the beach house. Mersault, however, does not go back to the cabin, but turns back to the beach, although ?to stay or to go, it amounted to the same thing? (page 57). The unyielding rationale of the Algerian sun overcomes him. Meursault encounters Raymond's man who pulled a knife in front of Meursault. ?It seemed to me as if the sky split open from one end to the other to rain down fire. My whole being tensed and I squeezed my hand around the revolver. The trigger gave... Then I fired four