Class Tardiness

Findings and discussion The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of using alarm clocks on classroom attendance by schoolchildren. Themes emerging from the literature review indicate that tardiness is an endemic problem that has evolved throughout the history of education and that is duly reflected on post learning activities by those affected.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Class Tardiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, it was also determined that some of the tardy students had extenuating concerns that militated against their desire to be punctual. Consequently, the researcher then constructed an experiment to discern whether the use of alarm clocks could alleviate the problem and improve on punctuality. The methodology applied in the research study was action classroom research as outlined in the previous chapter. The research designed was to answer the following questions: Will the alarm clocks initiative have any effect on classroom attendance? Will seeking the parents’ assistance in the purchase of the alarm clocks happen as expected? The methodology incorporated a blend of both quantitative and qualitative research methods whereby the collected data from the research was analytically reviewed by means of a thematic analysis. The quantitative data was gathered from the duty rooster and time sheet designed by the researcher to record the arrival times for all the respondents from the participating 3rd Grade classrooms. The survey data was subsequently then entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis of the statistical propensities during the two months survey period (See Table 1). The arrival timelines were also gauged against the average school attendance that was recorded by the school administration for the entire school comprising 28,400 students. The total population of the participating 3rd grade students during the two mo nths research period was 52. Although punctuality was gauged for the morning arrivals, the students were also monitored on class performance during the test period. Tardiness seemed directly related to their grades in class. During the morning session, 15 students arrived late at least once during the trial periods thus representing a 29% rate on tardiness in the early morning school attendance (Figure 1). The 3rd Graders however improved in tardiness rising above the entire school average of 60%.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1 Among the three classes, class X had the lowest attendance record with eight students from a class of 19 arriving late. This resulted in 42% tardiness (Figure 2). Figure 2 The other classes were better with class Y registering only 27% latecomers and class Z only 17% (Figure 3 4). Figure 3Advertising We will write a custom research pa per sample on Class Tardiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 4 A grading scale was constructed that weighed the severity of the nonattendance or punctuality for the observed participating students. The grading scale was awarded on a typical 10-point grading scheme. In this rating, a grading of 100% to 90% is an A, awarded to those late by just one day or less (none); 89% to 79% awarded a B for those late for three days or less. A grading of 79% to 70% was awarded a C for those who were found late for five days or less; 69% to 60% graded D for those found late for eight days or less; and finally 59% and below graded F for those late for more than eight days (Table: 2). Table 2Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Class Attendance Rating A 100% to 90% B 89% to 79% C 79% to 70% D 69% to 60% F 59% or below On the above grading scale, the entire 3rd Graders class scored B, a marked improvement in tardiness, being above the total school average of 60%, a D grade. Class X being the tardiest with only 58% punctuality rate was rated at F, while class Y was rated C for having 73% students punctual and class Z with 83% rated the best amongst the 3rd graders. Interviews Results from interviews with parents and teachers revealed the necessity of having alarm clocks to prompt tardy students. Most parents openly admitted that they were not very punctual themselves and attributed it to their upbringing on time in school. Both parents and teachers admitted that this had adverse effects on learning as grades for the tardy students constantly registered poorer than those punctual do. The effect of post education proclivity to tardiness was noted constantly having devastating effects. Dismissal s for those at work likely among other disorders in life. Summary There was a marked improvement on punctuality during the trial period attributed to the presence and the use of alarm clocks as the total school average was over 60%. Interviews with the respondents noted keenness by the participants to use the alarm clocks as facilitators for punctuality to school and class. Students’ behavior patterns also improved with morning attendance improving tremendously particularly for class Z. The study thus sought to answer the following research study questions: Will the alarm clock initiative have any effect on classroom attendance? It was established that the alarm clock initiative had some evident effect on the students’ attendance. This was manifest due to the improved attendance registered as measured against the entire school students’ attendance rate, which averaged at 60 percent while there was also a positive impact on class attendances during the trial peri od. Thus, the introduction of the alarm clocks motivated the students to be more punctual though the improvement could have been better in some classes. Will seeking the parents’ assistance in the purchase of the alarm clocks happen as expected? There were no reported cases of parents refusing to purchase the alarm clocks though some were not prompt enough and had to be constantly reminded before the onset of the study. The researcher in anticipation of reimbursement by parents lent those lacking the clocks. Although the research had sought to purchase standardized clocks to reduce incidences of malfunction, most parent claimed to have the gadgets in their possession hence were not ready to purchase new ones. Thus, it can be concluded that the issue of alarm clocks was sufficiently covered and the ensuring results for the study proved evidence of the use and impact. The study has therefore answered our research questions with the introduction of alarm clocks having a great im pact on class attendance. Similarly, the parents affably and enthusiastically support the project as evidenced with no reported instances of non-cooperation from them. However, on the issue of purchasing the clocks, some parents were of the opinion that they already owned the gadgets. Ultimately, the study was quite successful and proved the need to have prompters in form of alarm clocks to improve on tardiness while actively engaging parents paid dividends. Limitations of Study Like other studies, several limitations were noted during the course of the research study. The first limitation was that the researcher had limited control over the basic instrument for the study; the alarm clock, which had to be operated by the students within their homestead, could not be monitored. The researcher’s second limitation was in ensuring the cooperation of parents. Parents could minimized the necessity for the initiative and not taken it seriously. Another limitation was the inadequate time for the study. The assessment period of two months was not enough to gauge the class performance in relation to their grades. Finally, a fourth limitation was noted in ensuring the cooperation of the teachers, in class X, the poor results indicated some lack of proper supervision by the class teacher, which eventually affected negatively on their performance Bias The nature of the teacher/student relationship was judged to induce some sort of bias since the students were likely to cooperate during the study period to avoid being victimized by their teachers as opposed to the study being conducted by an outsider. The lack of an independent supervisor could also induce some bias since the researcher was responsible for the whole exercise. The influence of teachers to prompt students was a possible bias. Validity Validity was carefully instilled during the study period with various measures undertaken constantly. These included triangulation, peer review with fellow teachers and p rofessionals, and careful review of the interview questions and the results of the study by the researcher conducted to verify the validity. Golafshani (2003) affirms that reliability and validity can be established if the construed outcomes are reliable or related even if the quantification or analysis is redone. However, reliability is statistically non-irrefutable but can only be estimated hence surmising the accuracy of the analysis. Implication for the Research Study The immediate observation from the study was the impact of the alarm clocks on the observed students with a marked improvement on punctuality and general attitude change towards learning. The study indicates that tardiness may not be entirely due to student sluggishness but could be due to domestic factors militating against punctuality. The involvement of the parents also leads to a more positive contributory attitude from them as they become more involved and responsible. Thus, this study has confirmed the effect iveness of action research in solving endemic problems as active learning generates positive results in preparing students academically and in their duties after school. The study is thus vital for improving in eradicating tardiness amongst schoolchildren as this impacts on their learning and later life. Educational officials and school authorities can therefore conduct further studies to reduce the high incidence of tardy students. Nonetheless, the study poses some further questions on whether an independent study by non-teaching staff can produce the same results. A more comprehensive research study that will necessitate a longer observation period is recommended, particularly if collaborated by a careful examination of class performance. This new study should also seek a follow up on former students who were either tardy or exceptionally punctual to appraise their after-school performance. Thus, a linkage can be made on tardiness, class grades and after school performance. If the students can voluntarily employ alarm clocks and finally and most important, whether parents are ultimately responsible for the development of tardiness in their children or is it a genetically hereditary factor? Reference Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Toronto: University of Toronto. This research paper on Class Tardiness was written and submitted by user Zaniyah Campbell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Class Tardiness Abstract Class tardiness has remained a perpetual problem throughout the history of learning. Although much literature has been expended over issues of indiscipline within the school system, very little has centered on tardiness mainly evolving around absenteeism, drugs, gang links, gun control and violence.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Class Tardiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study therefore attempts to extend research on class tardiness by discerning the basic questions regarding promptness in school and class attendance by students by initiating a study using 3rd graders at a public school in New Jersey. The methodology applied was action research whereby both students and parents were integrated in the study. The results were quite remarkable revealing a tremendous turnaround of the tardy students becoming punctual after the introduction of a prompter. The study was however limited by time constraints and lack of independent validation. Nonetheless, the study was instructive and gave indication that the dilemma regarding tardiness can be fairly lessened if not eradicated. Problem Statement The issue of class lateness or tardiness has remained an unending topic with teachers and administrators perplexed on how to deal with the phenomenon. I thus resolved to investigate the reasons why this problem of tardiness is so persistent. By unraveling these issues, I hope to propose a more lasting solution to this eternal dilemma hence assist all the stakeholders resolve the predicament. Conclusion And Recommendations The general objective of this research is: To determine why students are tardy in school and class attendances. The specific objectives are: To determine the influence of teachers and school administration in students tardiness To examine the role of family or parents influence on the tendency of students to be tardy. Purpose of the Study The purpose of t his action research is to establish why tardiness has persisted to be an incessant problem in learning despite various measures taken by school administrators and teachers to curb it. By applying an inclusive action research methodology, the study can determine how to resolve the problem of tardiness thus assist the various stakeholders plagued by undisciplined students.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Questions After careful review of the available literature and the inherent problem, the following two research questions were determined as most relevant to the study. Will the alarm clocks initiative have any effect on classroom attendance? Will seeking the parents’ assistance in the purchase of the alarm clocks happen as expected? Scope of the Study Class tardiness and absenteeism remain an infinite quandary ever since the start of schooling. Students arriv ing late in class constantly reveal a lack of personal commitment, inherent domestic problems, or other psychological problems while disrupting lessons for others. The study applies intervention measures that aims at generating reasonable prognosis of how to reduce or eradicate the problem as identified. Literature Review Within our school system, teachers and school administrators have always tackled the issue of class tardiness and absenteeism though the latter has being deemed more urgent due to incidents of drug abuse, gang enrollment and gun violence. Nevertheless, the issue of tardiness continues to plague many schools as school and class attendance rates continue being high in most jurisdictions. Tardy students tend to disrupt the whole class thus also affecting the grades of punctual students. This is particularly significant since interruptions are at the beginning of the lessons when as Wong (2004) explains is the most crucial time for students to disseminate lessons. Slav in (2003) consequently emphasizes the importance of teachers setting the tone for lessons during the start of the lesson. Most analysts therefore agree that tardiness is great disrupter of learning and is the precursor for future tardy behavior for the culprits (Eggen and Kauchak, 2005), (Wong, 2004), (Wolfgang, 2001), (McKeachie and Svinicki, 2005). A study by MacNeil and Prater (2001) revealed that, â€Å"both principals and teachers viewed absenteeism and tardiness as their most serious problems† (p. 5). The authors thus proposed for all stakeholders to take a more proactive role in enforcing discipline within schools in view of the escalating problem. Being punctual is not only an obligation for students, but also a part of personal etiquette, reverence, character, significance, and valuable while tardiness reveals a lack of dedication by the student to learning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Class Tardiness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With class tardiness becoming a habit rather than an exception, Wolfgang (2001) has asserted that the onus is on teachers to instill discipline in class that can greatly reduce issues of tardy students. However, Wong (2004) has a different view arguing that cases of tardy students should be left to natural ending whereby the students will be forced by circumstances to change their attitude for the better. Wong thus insist grades should not be used as a deterrent but rather other approaches like awarding certificates with students being made aware of the import of punctuality and potential rewards rather than the negativity aspects. Eggen and Kauchak (2001) are also against extreme severe punishments for tardiness since some students are sometimes quite ignorant of their actions. However, they assert discipline must be upheld and the intervention timely and consistent to make the student aware of the need to be punctual. Lack of pro per class management can lead to severe state of tardiness becoming the norm rather the exception. Wong (2004) who reemphasize the critical years of adolescence when the child’s future is molded to be vital for all time supports this argument. Eggen and Kauchak (2001) have also emphasized the need for teachers to be effective role models for the students, as incidences of their own tardiness will be generally mirrored by the children. Dai and Sternberg (2004) have reiterated the need to motivate students to shun being tardy. Charles (2005) advocates for evoking â€Å"curiosity as the greatest motivator for learning† (p. 103). This makes learning exciting by means of diversity and freshness in the lessons in class . Students can be motivated to compete against other classes and with each other as an impetus to advance their class attendance and boost grades. Slavin (2003) thus agrees that exiting classrooms can be tremendous motivators for students who will be eager to get the next lesson hence will be always punctual.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology The design of this study was classroom action research. Hendricks (2009) defines this type of action research as that used by teachers within their classrooms for the proposed express purpose of enhancing performance. Through the action research process, ideas gained from the study can be shared with colleagues. The research centered on the three classes of 3rd graders in the school which the researcher labeled as Class X, Y, and Z to avoid bias and hence create anonymity. Limitations of the Study The researcher was limited by the lack of control of the main instrument for the survey, the alarm clock that was to be operated by the subject students hence offering instances of neglect or ignorance. The study was also dependent on the cooperation of the parents and fellow teachers thus leaving the researcher reliant on their expediency. Lastly, time constraints limited the research in generating sufficient ground for a conclusive hypothesis. Summary This chapter has introdu ced the research topic, the scope of the study, the research questions, methodology used, the limitations to the study, and the literature review. The next chapter will center on a comprehensive literature review. References Charles, C. M. (2005). Building classroom discipline (8th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Education, 97-98, 103, 136-137. Dai, D. Y., Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Motivation, emotion, and cognition: Integrative  perspectives on intellectual functioning and development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 11-14, 198, 304. Eggen, P., Kauchak, D. (2001). Educational psychology: Windows on classrooms  (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall, 220-223, 238-239, 243-245, 468-469, 498-499, 507. McKeachie, W. J., Svinicki, M. (2005) McKeachie’s teaching tips: Strategies,  research and theory for college and university teachers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall, 124-127, 136-137, 141-147, 226-227. MacNeil, Angus J. and Prater, Doris (2001). Teachers and Principals Differ On the  Seriousness of School Discipline: A National Perspective. Clear Lake: University of Houston. Slavin, R. E. (2003). Educational psychology: theory and practice (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 97, 369-377, 508. Wolfgang, C. H. (2001). Solving discipline and classroom management problems:  Methods and models for today’s teachers (5th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley, 85-88, 233-235, 243. Wong, H. K. (2004). The first days of school: How to be an effective teacher. Mountainview, CA: Harry K. Wong, 133-135. This research paper on Class Tardiness was written and submitted by user Andrea Flores to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Pools

The American media system is spinning out of control in a hyper-commercialized frenzy. Fewer than ten transnational media conglomerates dominate much of our media; fewer than two dozen account for the overwhelming majority of our newspapers, magazines, films, television, radio, and books. With every aspect of our media culture now fair game for commercial exploitation, we can look forward to the full-scale commercialization of sports, arts, and education, the disappearance of notions of public service from public discourse, and the degeneration of journalism, political coverage, and children's programming under commercial pressure. For democrats, this concentration of media power and attendant commercialization of public discourse are a disaster. An informed, participating citizenry depends on media that play a public service function. As James Madison once put it, "A popular government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both." But these democratic functions lie beyond the reach of the current American media system. If we are serious about democracy, then, we need to work aggressively for reform. What kind of reform? In broad terms, we need to reduce the current degree of media concentration, and, more immediately, blunt its effects on democracy. More specifically, we need special incentives for nonprofits, broadcast regulation, public broadcasting, and antitrust. I present these proposals as the start of a debate about media reform, not as ultimate solutions. I am sure that spirited discussion will improve these ideas: my immediate concern is to get that discussion started. I will not dwell here on the weaknesses of the current US media system, beyond summarizing arguments that I (and many others) have made elsewhere. The point here is to begin answering the natural follow-up to such criticisms: "If the status quo is so bad, what do you propose that wou... Free Essays on Pools Free Essays on Pools The American media system is spinning out of control in a hyper-commercialized frenzy. Fewer than ten transnational media conglomerates dominate much of our media; fewer than two dozen account for the overwhelming majority of our newspapers, magazines, films, television, radio, and books. With every aspect of our media culture now fair game for commercial exploitation, we can look forward to the full-scale commercialization of sports, arts, and education, the disappearance of notions of public service from public discourse, and the degeneration of journalism, political coverage, and children's programming under commercial pressure. For democrats, this concentration of media power and attendant commercialization of public discourse are a disaster. An informed, participating citizenry depends on media that play a public service function. As James Madison once put it, "A popular government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both." But these democratic functions lie beyond the reach of the current American media system. If we are serious about democracy, then, we need to work aggressively for reform. What kind of reform? In broad terms, we need to reduce the current degree of media concentration, and, more immediately, blunt its effects on democracy. More specifically, we need special incentives for nonprofits, broadcast regulation, public broadcasting, and antitrust. I present these proposals as the start of a debate about media reform, not as ultimate solutions. I am sure that spirited discussion will improve these ideas: my immediate concern is to get that discussion started. I will not dwell here on the weaknesses of the current US media system, beyond summarizing arguments that I (and many others) have made elsewhere. The point here is to begin answering the natural follow-up to such criticisms: "If the status quo is so bad, what do you propose that wou...

Patriotism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patriotism - Essay Example Death is normally feared, but during these days, it meant courage and love to one’s country especially among the Japanese. The narrator displays the commitment of both husband and, wife though, none of them knows about the other. This is what creates suspense in the story because one does not know what is expected. The wife had taken an oath that when the husband dies, she would also kill herself. Killing yourself in the Japanese culture indicates love, honor, and Shinji decided to do this for his country. Despite their love for their country, they also loved each other extremely much. Each of them cannot live without the other. It is evident from the story that Shinji thinks of his wife while he is in the field, the same thing with his wife who cannot live without him. Their love for one another is displayed in the narration with the tone, imagery and the characters. Description is also widely used in the story for creating a picture in the mind of the reader. For example, â€Å"Reiko took a white silk kimono with her and entered the bathroom† and â€Å"the thick black brushstrokes (Mishima and Sergeant).† After reading an image is created in the mind of the reader, and this makes the reading fascinating. Death to the lieutenant before the eyes of his wife was the most fulfilling thing and Shinji thought that he would die in peace and happiness. His wife made him realize the things that he loved most in his life that made him take his life. The wife watched his husband die in pain and could not help him because it was her duty to support him. She also killed herself afterwards so that she could reunite with her husband and fulfills her mother’s wishes. On reading this story one would conclude that they did not love each other, but in regards to the age and culture, it was the best move to take. The actions and activities of the key characters are well displayed and described. For example, â€Å"Moving the sword around to his

Effects Of Increased Wait-Time On The Quantity Of Attempted Responses Essay

Effects Of Increased Wait-Time On The Quantity Of Attempted Responses And Correct Responses From Elementary ELL Students To Questions In A Classroom - Essay Example It gives the educator, as a scholarly practitioner, the opportunity to examine relevant issues in his or her own classroom or school which may complicate, compromise, or complement the learning process—and to find meaningful, practical, research-based answers. In Action Research, teachers are empowered to design a research-based plan, identify learning issues or problems, review relevant literature that examines identified problems, implement specific, research-based strategies, and discover convincing evidence that supports or contravenes their teaching strategies. The most exciting part of Action Research is the teacher can often observe student improvement during the project and can demonstrate, in a quantitative manner, the improvement of student learning. Sagor notes, â€Å"Seeing students grow is probably the greatest joy educators can experience† (2002, p. 5).... I chose this research topic because I became quite interested in the positive effects of â€Å"wait time† when the concept was first introduced early in this program. Through self-examination of my own teaching behavior and practices, I came to realize that I was not allowing sufficient time for all students to answer questions. I began to wait longer for answers and I noticed a definite improvement in the number and in the quality of answers provided by my students. I extended my "wait -time" in all areas of my classroom, talking circle, small group projects, full class lectures. I notice improvements in the number of answers, participation, and the engagement levels of my students. "Wait time" is one of several tools and techniques learned in this course that I am in the process of implementing in my effort to create a more inclusive and equitable classroom-learning situation. I endeavor to continuously develop as a teacher and I am committed to improving in a manner that in sures each student in my classroom learns and develops to their full potential. I have concluded that implementing "wait time" into my teaching behavior is an important aspect of this development. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the effects of increased wait-time on the number of attempted responses and the number of correct responses from elementary ESL/ELL students? DEMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: Where / What is the research site? Who is directly involved? How will statistics be acquired to give a clear understanding of the context and culture of the research site? (Do not use name as an identifier.) Provide references for sources used. The research site is ‘Iowa after-school program’ learning center where

Analyse the Ofsted report in light of what you have observed to be Essay

Analyse the Ofsted report in light of what you have observed to be current practice in your school - Essay Example in both GCE and GCSE, challenges faced in the implementation of the project and the recommendations made to the national curriculum developers as well as the individual schools. Key to note is that pupils refer to years 1- 6 while students refer to people in secondary schools. A case study of 167 secondary, primary and special schools has been adopted for this Ofsted report in a span of 3 years in 2008 to 2011. Also the use of computing instruction files is both a specialty and across the wider school curriculum. The report reflects issues arising from the application of ICT in schools namely: curriculum and qualifications of Key Stage 4 and 6, staff professionalism where ICT is concerned, e- safety, application of virtual learning environments, resource availability and getting best value of the ICT application (Taylor 2001). Among the schools highlighted ICT was better adopted in primary schools as compared to their secondary counterparts with two thirds of the primary schools showing outstanding progress compared to one third of the secondary schools (Mohanty 2006). Other challenges are that few students advancing to secondary school had the basic ICT knowledge to engage in ICT business later, inadequate or complete lack of ICT infrastructure such as c omputer, laptops and teachers tired with the workload of students. Schools adopting ICT were seen to have a comparative advantage over their counterparts which do not among the Key Level 4 and 6 pupils considered, it was evident that it increased their creativity levels with some embracing and arranging music using computers through the virtual learning environment (Mohanty 2006). Slow learners were seen to get fluent with use of computers almost as fast as the fast learners. Children with autism and Down’s syndrome responded dramatically well to ICT application files where the respective schools made specific modifications on the program to handle their learning experience (Meadows 2000). A positive response

Disasters In Tamilnadu Coastal States

Disasters In Tamilnadu Coastal States Natural Disasters like Cyclone, Flood and Tsunami have been affecting the coastal communities for a long time. The prime reason behind this impact is the lack of last mile communications. In a disaster situation, timely warnings allow people to take actions that save lives, reduce damage to property and minimize human suffering. To facilitate an effective warning system, there is a major need for better coordination among the early warning providers as well as those handling logistics and raising awareness about disaster preparedness, security and management. There are many new communication technologies that allow warning providers not only to reach the people at risk but also to personalize their warning message to a particular situation. Opportunities are available right now to significantly reduce loss of life and properties if disaster warning systems can be improved. In this study, the researcher analyzes how various forms of Radio plays an important role in disseminating infor mation among the people during emergencies using survey and interviews. This paper also looks into the effective role of ICT in communicating security planning, preparedness and risk management strategies to coastal communities in the Tamil Nadu state of India. Keywords: natural disasters, communication, technology, radio, village information centres DISASTERS IN TAMILNADU, A COASTAL STATE IN INDIA India is one of the most disaster prone countries of the world. It has had some of the worlds most severe droughts, famines, cyclones, earthquakes, chemical disasters, rail accidents, and road accidents. The developing countries are becoming increasingly exposed to greater numbers of natural and man-made disasters, resulting in larger numbers of people becoming victims. It is estimated that between 1980 and 1984, about 800 disasters affected the lives of about 400 million people in the world. The high density of population in the developing countries, especially in the high risk coastal areas, results in several millions of people getting affected by natural disasters, especially in recurring disasters like floods, cyclones, storm surges, etc. Tamilnadu being one of the 28 states of India lies on the eastern coast of the southern Indian peninsula bordered by Puducherry (Pondicherry), Kerela, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Since Tamilnadu and Puducherry were located in the coastal areas of Bay of Bengal, the natural disasters such as Tsunami, Floods, Cyclone takes away the lives of many people which include damage to the properties. Over 1000 killed as Tsunami hits Eastern and South coastal areas in India. Over a thousand people have been killed in tidal waves in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tamil Nadu and Puducherry was the worst affected with possibly over 800 people killed. At least 350 people have been confirmed dead in Tamil Nadu with over 100 people dead in Chennai alone. As many as 239 people have been killed in Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu, while in Nagapatnam; the number of dead has been confirmed as 273. INFORMATION NEEDS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT The information needs of disaster management deals with collection of two categories of disaster-related data: â‚ ¬Ã‚  Pre-disaster baseline data about the country and risks; and Post-disaster real-time data about the impact of a disaster and the resources available to combat it. Similarly, the disaster management functioning procedure is dealt with two types of activities: â‚ ¬Ã‚  Pre-disaster activities: analysis and research (to improve the existing knowledge base), risk assessment, prevention, mitigation and preparedness; and Post-disaster activities: response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The ability of leaders and administrators to make sound disaster management decisions to analyze risks and decide upon appropriate counter-measures can be greatly enhanced by the cross-sectoral integration of information. COMMUNICATION FACILITIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT Communication is a major bottleneck in case of any major disaster particularly when the traditional network system already in force brakes down. In order to strengthen communications, it has been decided that police network (POLNET) will also be used for disaster management. For this purpose POLNET communication facility was extended to District Magistrates, Sub Divisional Magistrates as well as the Control Rooms. For emergency communication, mobile satellite based units which can be transported to the site of the disaster are being procured. A group was constituted to draw a comprehensive communication plan for disaster management nd the report has since been received. This provides for a dedicated communication system for disaster management with built in redundancies. Communication and education can play a proactive role in mitigation through awareness about the types of disaster and as to how prevention measures can be taken up. There is also a Satellite based communication system called the Cyclone Warning Dissemination Systems (CWDS) for transmission of warnings. There are 250 cyclone-warning sets installed in the cyclone prone areas of east and west coast. The general public, the coastal residents and fishermen, are also warned through the Government machinery and broadcast of warnings through AIR and Television. The use of satellite, computers, electronics, better communication facilities are make significant difference in disaster management. The data processing and computers are providing a useful tool in decision making in disaster. OBJECTIVES To study the various communication technologies applied for the inter-organizational communication for disaster management in Cuddalore, a coastal state of TamilNadu. To investigate the effectiveness of VHF Radio System based EWS in disseminating early warning to coastal communities in Cuddalore. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT The role of Government in disaster management is to provide a central, coordinated plan of action to address the damage caused by a disaster as well as the needs of the people affected. They also address the degree of risk present within an emergency situation. They repair the hazardous conditions such as polluted water supplies, damaged power lines, and inadequate housing. When needed, civil defense units such as the National Guard is called to maintain order within a disaster situation. Emergency management also involves providing the support necessary to prepare and rebuild a community aftermath a disaster. Government agencies also provide the lines of communication needed to keep responders in touch with government and public officials. Mobile communications systems are also put in place to provide airlifted networks of communication throughout a particular region. A World Wide Scenario A report on Disaster Management Centre, published by Government of Sri Lanka (2005) provides details regarding the functioning of disaster management centre in Sri Lanka. Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment, information and data collection are the major functions of this centre. The collected information is disseminated to the communities through mobile phones, loudspeakers, television, radio etc. The article also stresses on the difficulties in communication in an emergency situation. Frequent breakdown in telephone systems, jamming of telephones systems, non-availability of telecommunication facilities in remote villages creates major hindrance in communication during an emergency situation. Kerala State Disaster Management Policy, a report published by Government of Kerala (2009) shows the system and procedure of working of Emergency Operation Centre (EOC). The system of EOC is designed in such a way that the information can be promptly assessed and relayed to concerned people. Rapid dissemination contributes to quick response and effective decision making during emergencies. EOC functions round the clock and maintains direct linkage with district control rooms through phone, fax, wireless and internet. Report also mentions the incidence command system. The Incidence Command System is an organized system of government departments and other agencies that are to be worked under a structured pattern for response and recovery. Disaster Management Policy and Communication Systems, a report published by Government of Japan (2007) brings out the functioning procedure of Disaster Management Communication Systems in Japan. Data gathering and message sending to communities are the major functions of this system. The information collected is disseminated to communities through loudspeakers and sirens. Report also shows the organizational communication between various departments like fire and disaster management centre, telecommunication and broadcast ministry, municipality etc. A Nation wide Scenario The article on Disaster Management, published by Government of India (2004) discusses the activities carried out by the central government at the times of a disaster. The basic responsibility of the government is to undertake rescue, relief and rehabilitation measures, and provision of logistical and financial support to state governments during a disaster. The logistical support includes deployment of aircrafts and boasts, specialist teams of Armed Forces, Central Para Military Forces, arrangements for relief materials essential commodities including medical stores, restoration of critical infrastructure facilities including communication network and such other assistance as may be required by the affected stats to meet the situation effectively. An article on Disaster Management in India, published by Government of India (2005), reveals the functioning procedure of National Emergency Management Authority. Reviewing the status of warning system, mitigation measure and disaster preparedness are its major functions. It suggests the state governments to restructure/re-group the officers/staff within the Department of Disaster Management with definite functions to pursuer the holistic approach to disaster management. The four functional groups to be assigned with specific tasks within departments are, hazard mitigation, preparedness and capacity building, relief and response, administration and finance. Development of National Emergency Communication Plan, an article published by Government of India (2006) recommends a nationwide network between the state governments with triple redundancy and full reliability during emergencies to connect the national, state and district Emergency Operation Centres. In Phase I of the report, it is proposed to establish an Emergency Communication System to provide mobile communication linkages through satellite between on-site disaster response teams to be deployed in remote locations and national and state Emergency Operation Centres. In Phase- II, the plan insists the connectivity using lines with various satellite back ups from the existing networks such as BSNL, Police Network, SPACENET to establish an integrated network among all Emergency Operation Centres and mobile Emergency Operation Centres at disaster sites. State Wide Scenario In Tamil Nadu and Puducherry A report Disaster Management in Tamil Nadu, published by Government of Tamil Nadu (2005) describes the activities carried out by the government in all three phases of disaster management. In Phase I (pre-disaster phase), all district collectors would prepare detailed action plans at local body level and at district level. The public and private sectors, voluntary agencies and community would be actively involved in the formulation of such plans. Formulation of appropriate policies and guidelines for disaster management, risk assessment and mapping of disaster vulnerable areas, establishment of communication network, setting up early warning systems would be carried out in pre-disaster phase. In phase II (disaster phase) warning and evacuation, immediate search and rescue operations, providing medical care, adequate health and sanitation care, provision of safe drinking water, mobilizing funds for relief, rehabilitation, relief packages are carried out in disaster phase. In phase III (post-disaster phase) reconstruction of houses, relocation of affected people, disbursement of funds, redressal of grievances, modification and updation of disaster plans are carried out. Disaster Management Action Plan for Floods Cyclones, a report published by Government of Puducherry (2009) describes the details regarding various organizations like revenue department, fire and rescue department, health department etc. involved in disaster management within Puducherry and their functions. Report also mentions the activities carried out by these departments during a disaster, like revenue department disseminates early warnings before a disaster strikes, fire and rescue department helps in search and rescue process while all the medical needs and disturbances are handled by health department. A report on Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for disasters, published by Government of Puducherry (2009) describes the steps prepared in concise form as a response to any kind of disaster. It suggests the sequence of actions to be taken by different departments in central/state/district level. The SOP will respond to all disaster calls, mobilizing staff and fire units, effective management of resources by communication and mobilization of additional resources. It will be altered according to the scene of occurrence and a quick spot decision will be made by the operational in charge in consultation with the controlling officers. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT Functions at National Level J. P. Saulina Arnold (2006) discusses National Disaster Response Mechanism, which reviews the existing arrangements for preparedness and mitigation of natural/man-made disasters, recommend measures for strengthening organizational structures and recommends a comprehensive model plan for management of the disasters at National, State and District level. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has been established with personnel from the Para military forces for strengthening the preparedness and emergency response in the country. Eight battalions of the NDRF have been setup and deployed in strategic locations in the country and the NDRF personnel are being trained and equipped with state-of-the-art life saving equipments, search and rescue equipments, inflatable boats, etc. The NDRF personnel are also being trained for preparing and responding to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies. Vinod Chandra Menon (2009) discusses the role of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). NDMA is chaired by the Prime Minister is the apex body for disaster management in country, which sets up State District Management Authorities for the effective coordination among the central and state to minimize the impact of the disaster. The National Institute for Disaster Management (NIDM) has been established as the apex training institute for disaster management in India. NIDM coordinates the capacity building efforts of disaster management faculty in State Training Institutes and also offers a few distance education programmes in disaster management in collaboration with the World Bank Institute. The NIDM also hosts the SAARC Centre for Disaster Management. Vinod K. Sharma (2006) describes the role of National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC), which gives direction to the Crisis Management Group as deemed necessary. The Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for ensuring that all developments are brought to the notice of the NCMC promptly. The NCMC can give directions to any Ministry/Department/Organization for specific action needed for meeting the crisis situation. The article also describes the role of National Emergency Management Authority at the National level (NEMA). When a disaster strikes, the Authority will coordinate disaster management activities. The Authority will be responsible for:-  · Coordinating/mandating Governments policies for disaster reduction/mitigation.  · Ensuring adequate preparedness at all levels in order to meet disasters.  · Coordinating response to a disaster when it strikes.  · Coordination of post disaster relief and rehabilitation. Functions at State Level The report Disaster Management in Tamil Nadu, published by Government of Tamil Nadu (2006) describes the role of State Emergency Management Planning Committee (SEMPC). State Emergency Management Plan is prepared for each kind of disaster and the details of the organizational structure for emergency management activities are known. Responsibility of concerned agencies for the execution of rescue, relief and recovery operations and Standard Operating Procedure for each is available. A State Emergency Management Planning Committee (SEMPC) should be constituted with all the stakeholders as members. The report also analyzes the role of State Crisis Group (SCG). State Crisis Group (SCG) enables quick decision making, operational direction and coordination of the issue of warning and execution of rescue, relief and recovery operations. The responsibilities of the SCG would include: On spot decision making Control and coordination of response and recovery activities Resource mobilization and replenishment Monitoring of overall response recovery activities. Preparation of reports for submission to State Government State Emergency Control Room (SECR) ensures all warning and communication systems, instruments are in working condition and collect information on a routine basis from the State departments on the vulnerability of areas to disasters. Functions at District Level The report published by Government of Tamil Nadu (2006) reviews the functioning procedure of disaster management organizations at district level. It is the District Collector who is the focal point at the District level for directing, supervising and monitoring relief measures for disaster and for preparation of District level plans. The relief measures are reviewed by the district level relief committee consisting of official and non-official members including the local legislators and the members of parliament. The Collector maintains close coordination with the Central Government authorities in the districts, namely, the Army, Air Force and Navy, Ministry of Water Resources, etc., who supplement the effort of the district administration in the rescue and relief operation. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT Duke H. Jeong (2006) analyzes the Inter-Organizational Information Management and Communication Breakdowns in Initial Disaster Response Mechanism. During disaster relief operations, collaborative critical decisions are often made by decision-makers from many different organizations and from a diversity of professional fields. Communication breakdowns often hamper the effective coordination of a disaster response, particularly when a multiplicity of Federal, state, local and volunteer organizations takes part in the effort. A communication breakdown is defined as the failure to communicate information due to the inability to obtain critical and needed information and the inability to obtain sufficient information quality to support decision-making. Gauruav Vivek Bhatnagar (2009) discusses the New Network for Disaster Management. Terrestrial Trunked Radio (Tetra) Communication would help establish the countrys first exclusive Government Radio Network (GRN) in Delhi. Tetra network seeks to facilitate swift and secure communication among various government agencies like Police, Fire services, hospitals, Public Works Department and Transport Corporation, the system would of be of great help in any disaster management exercise. Johnson and Zawawi (2002) describe the advances in inter-organizational disaster Management. Inter-organizational disaster response requires collaboration among geographically distributed public and private organizations to enable a rapid and effective response to an unexpected event. In order to ensure coherent coordination among the responding organizations, relevant information needs have to be collected from multiple sources, verified for accuracy and shared with appropriate organizations, all within a short time frame. Humphrey (2009) suggests that disaster management should get proactive by using RPM method. RPM stands for Recognize, Prioritize, and Mobilize to anticipate potential disasters. This approach involves recognizing potential threats, prioritizing them according to their seriousness and mobilizing resources to prevent them from occurring or at least minimizing their impact. Most organizations fail to anticipate threats mainly because of following reasons: Lack of recognition: Leaders remain oblivious to approaching threats and pay no head to warning signs. Lack of prioritizations: Leaders detect a threat but do not consider it serious enough and therefore do not give the attention it deserves. Lack of Mobilization: They recognize a danger and are aware of its seriousness but neglect to take proper action in time. Lawal Billa, Mansor Shattri, Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud and Abdul Halim Ghazali (2006) have discussed about the Comprehensive Planning and the Role of Spatial Decision Support System. Through case study, they have analyzed that the strength of Spatial Decision Support System in the collection and processing of information to speed-up communication between the proponents of the disaster management program. Moreover, Spatial Decision Support System plays an important role in decision-making. Louise K. Comfort (2006) describes the Inter-Organizational Design for Disaster Management. Cognition understanding; communication, coordination and control are the main factors to be concentrated between the organizations of disaster management. Marijn Janssen and Nitesh Bharosa (2005) discuss the Advances in Multi-agency Disaster Management. When a disaster strikes, the complex task environment requires multiple organizations to transform from autonomous actors to interdependent decision-making teams. In order to ensure coherent coordination among the responding organizations, relevant information needs to be collected form multiple sources, verified for accuracy and shared with appropriate responding organizations all within a short time frame. Naim Kapucu (2006) describes the Interagency Communication Networks during Emergencies. He focuses on pre-incident and technical aspects of communication. Pre-incident communications deals among key local disaster response organizations such as law enforcement agencies, fire departments, local emergency management agencies and organizations in the health and welfare sectors. The tool used for communication between organizations during a disaster is mobile communication and computer based networking. Technical problems also inhibit the information exchange. Flooding, hurricanes, earthquakes are all capable of toppling antennas and interrupting normal electrical power. Nigel Martin (2007) has reviewed how regional governments in Asia and other national governments around the world collect, manage and share critical geo-technical information. Through case study, it was concluded that early warning information were not handled by the government in an efficient way before the tsunami wave stroke. No proper technological solutions to provide earthquake and tsunami warning information. N. K. Chhibber (2007) describes the Disaster Communication Network in Maharashtra. VSAT network and VHF radio network has been maintained for the dissemination of emergency information within the state. Ryan, Matheson (2009) analyze the Significance of Communication in Emergency Management. The study attempts to quantity the importance of communication activities to emergency management. Through content analysis, it was founded that there is a rapid improved communication between the organizations. Sir car, Scalem (2004) has described about the Networking of Organizations in four zones of working such as normal stage, pre-disaster stage, disaster stage and post-disaster stage. The role of Revenue department in pre-disaster stage is to collect the warning news from higher officials and pass the information to communities through mobile technology or radio technology. The role of Fire and Rescue Department is to provide rescue and rehabilitation procedure. Soundarya Viswanathan (2009) describes the awareness level among the government officials, representatives of local bodies and general public of disaster. Lack of awareness among them, lead to a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society, causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses. In order to meet the disaster risk posed by forms of disasters, a system of enormous task must be undertaken such as hazard analysis and dissemination to the community, identification of vulnerabilities to various hazards, eliminating or strengthening the vulnerabilities, capacitating the community for readiness and resilent to all types of hazard. S. Suri (2000) analyzes the reasons behind the Orissa disaster which took away many lives of the people due to the failure of Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS). Due to the system failure, warnings were not given so to create awareness to the people, which has lead to a major destruction. Only television and radio warnings were given, but not of accurate information. Vinod K. Sharma (2002) describes the overall view of the disaster administration mechanism in the country at the central, the state and the district level also highlighting the role played by the secondary institutions. The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) in the agriculture ministry is the nodal department for all matters concerning natural disasters relief at the centre. It transmits all emergency information to all concerned state governments for effective disaster management. The report published by Government of Puducherry (2006) describes the implementation of various communication technologies in Puducherry after tsunami. It describes the activation go emergency operation centre and dissemination of early warming through VHF sets. METHODOLOGY For this study the researcher has adopted survey method which is a quantitative type of research. The tool used for data collection is Questionnaire. Cluster sampling technique was used for data collection from coastal communities in Cuddalore. The sample size is 300. The Survey was conducted to find the mostly employed communication technology for security planning during disasters and the effectiveness of VHF based Early Warning Systems among them. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The following is the graphical presentation of data collected from the questionnaires. When asked whether they are aware about various disasters, the response was the following: Fig. 1 Awareness level about various disasters Coastal communities are majorly aware of following communication technologies: Fig. 2 Knowledge regarding Communication technologies Communication technologies they have in their homes, which are majorly employed in disaster management are: Fig. 3 Communication technologies used in homes. When asked the source of getting disaster news, the response was the following: Fig. 4 Devices used to getting information regarding disasters. When asked, whether they are informed regularly the alterations in weather conditions, the response was the following: Fig. 5 Updation of weather alterations. They get weather information from, Fig. 6 Organizations that provide weather informations. When asked about the usage of mobile phones in disaster management, the response was following: Fig. 7 Usage of Mobile Phones for disseminating disaster news. When asked whether they are aware of VHF Radio based Early Warning System, the response was following: Fig. 8 Awareness level regarding VHF systems. The Efficiency of VHF Radio based Early Warning System before 2009 is: Fig. 9 Efficiency of VHF systems before 2009. The Efficiency of VHF Radio based Early Warning System after 2009 is 76% as shown below: Fig. 9.1 Efficiency of VHF systems after 2009. The Efficiency of Village Information Centres (VIC) Public Address System (PAS) based Early Warning System before 2009 is: Fig. 10 Efficiency of VIC early warning systems before 2009. The Efficiency of Village Information Centres (VIC) Public Address System (PAS) based Early Warning System after 2009 is just 19%: Fig. 10.1 Efficiency of VIC early warning systems after 2009. Type of information they get from VHF system is, Fig. 11 Type of information provided by VHF systems. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 87% of the respondents told that they are aware of various disasters that would bring great disturbance to their livelihood. 13% of the respondents very unable to distinguish the natural disasters from man-made disasters. Majority of the respondents replied that, Mobile Phones and TV are the major communication technologies, which knew that mainly provide information regarding disasters. There are majorly two modes of communication dedicated for disaster management in coastal areas. One is from the government side and the other is from the non-governmental organizations (NGO). The government of Tamil Nadu has set up VHF Radio based early warning system in all the panchayat offices of coastal villages that are present in the High Tide Line (HTL). HTL is defined as the area within 500 mts from the sea level. The warning is given through PAS (Public Address System) present on top of the panchayat office buildings that have a reach of 1 to 2 kms. NGOs have established Village Information Centres (VIC) in most of the coastal areas that are vulnerable to coastal disasters. These VICs also have PAS for disaster information dissemination. 98% of the respondents said that they are aware of VHF Radio based Early Warning System and VICs run by the local NGOs, while 2% of the respondents are unaware of it. Majority of the respondents told that VHF Radio based Early Warning System is effective in disseminating in disaster news to coastal community before 2009. It is to be noted that the Indian Ocean Tsunami striked the Tamil Nadu coast during December 2004 and after that immediately, VIC and VHF based early warning systems were established. It was functioning very well for more than 2 years as said by the respondents. But there is deterioration in the quality and frequency of disaster information being disseminated through both the systems after 2009 especially with respect to the VICs run by NGOs because of their problems with financial sustainability. The figures and percentages are clearly given in the graph above. 64% of the respondents replied that they gain early warning alerts from VHF system, 32.8% respondents receive preparedness aler

Louis Pasteur Essay -- Essays Papers

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur made many valuable contributions in the science field. These findings in chemistry, industry, and medicine are still appreciated today. Louis Pasteur saved many lives because of his findings and research. This chemist devoted much of his life improving the welfare of man-kind. Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole, a small town on the eastern part of England. As a young boy, Louis was very quiet and had an incredible desire in drawing and artwork. He produced many charming pieces, which can be seen at the Pasteur Museum in the Pasteur Institute at Paris. These pastel paintings were portraits of his family, friends, and teachers. His powerful imagination was revealed to be beyond the ordinary. Because this humble young man was so dedicated to his artistic abilities, many of his peers often picked on him. Pasteur graduated from the College of Arts at Besancon in 1840, and then attended Ecole Supervieure to work on his doctorate degree. His study was in the science of crystallography, which was a powerful influence on his striving for improving society. At the Lycee of Tournon, he was a physics professor and researched the optical properties of crystals of tartaric acid salts. He found the two forms of this acid, which could rotate the plane of polarization of light, one to the right and the other to the left. This was his first important discovery in crystallography, the phenomenon of optical isomers. Ironically it incited him to abandon the field. It won the acclaim of the French Academy and Britain's Royal Society. Therefore, Pasteur became famous at the age of 26. Pasteur soon began researching in bacteria. The predominant theory of life... ...892 was celebrated in a unique way, by being observed as a national holiday in France. His address on this occasion carried a thoughtful message: "You bring me the greatest happiness that can be experienced by a man whose invincible belief is that science and peace will triumph over ignorance and war.... In the long run the future will belong not to the conquerors but to the saviors of mankind." In 1940, the conquering Germans came to Paris. A German officer demanded to see the tomb of Pasteur, but the Old French guard refused to open the gate. When the German insisted, the guard killed himself. *Scholarly Source* Jacques, Nicole. Louis Pasteur. New York: Basic Books, 1961. This source contributed to just about everything in my article. Everything from the biographical details to the information about the Pasteur Institue in Paris is included

Children and Their Security Object Essay

Some younger children usually between the ages of 8 and 12 months will become very attached to an object for a few years. Most parents are familiar with the so-called â€Å"security blanket.† Sometimes it is the most stained blanket in a child’s collection. Other times, it is an old stuffed animal. Regardless of what inanimate object a child chooses as their beloved security blanket, it’s difficult to separate the two. There are many benefits and significance for a child to have a security object and numerous misconceptions on regarding the relationship between a young child and their security object. It is very beneficial for younger children to have a security object. Most children will grow attached to an object when they are starting to be weaned from their mother because that’s a very emotional time. This object helps the child get through this critical transition so it is not so horrible. Young children with security objects do not throw such a fit when they have to be left with other adults and children, because they feel like you are still with them through this stressful situation. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that a security blanket can be especially beneficial when incorporated into a child’s bedtime ritual (Roberts, 2011). attachments Having this object just personifies all the positive and comforting things in this child’s world. The relationship a child has with their security object is very significant to them emotionally and physically. Children will usually give their object a name and be devoted to it because it gets them through being away from their parents. Young children usually hate being left with someone when their parents have things to do they are so use to having them all the time so when a child has this object with them it makes them feel like they have a piece of their parents there with them. These objects give the child emotional support, a sense of security, and it helps make them feel safe through stressful situations. This object helps the child grow and become independent instead of dependent. Parents often have misconceptions about their child and their security object. Many parents have believed it is signs that the child has insecurities and weaknesses. A study done by Richard A. Passman, psychologist at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, shows that children who possess a strong attachment to a security blanket demonstrate less anxiety in a stressful situation (Wikipedia, 2013). Another misconception is that security objects promote thumb sucking which that’s just another self soothe children use. To take a child’s security object away from them would traumatize them greatly. The child will outgrow this item by their selves when they learn to deal with stressful situations. The importance of the relationship between a child and their security object is so great and with this essay some of them have been explained. There is no need to be concerned about this object it is just there for a few years to pretty much give them their parent when their parent cannot be there. I hope this essay has explained enough of the facts about security object that parents will take into consideration all of the pros and the cons before they think badly about security objects and try to take them away. There are the benefits and the significance of a security object to a young child and it is very important not to believe the misconceptions about it because it will be a lot worse to take it away. References http://www.livestrong.com/article/274728-understanding-childrens-attachment-to-security-blankets/ (paragraphs 2-4) (The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that a security blanket can be especially beneficial when incorporated into a child’s bedtime ritual.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_object (paragraphs 3-4) (. A study done by Richard A. Passman, psychologist at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, shows that children who possess a strong attachment to a security blanket demonstrate less anxiety in a stressful situation.) http://www.ehow.com/about_6613741_child-development-security-blankets.html

Sports Shop Organization Structure

Sports Shop Organization Structure Introduction Small businesses form majority of the businesses world-wide. They contribute to the success of most world economies greatly. In developing countries, they are drivers of the economy. Therefore, they are a very critical part of the business society.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sports Shop Organization Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite their critical importance to our society, small businesses are not as complex as they may sound. Individuals, who in most cases are the owners, run a majority of those businesses. Consequently, their Organizational Structures are quite simple. In the Case under analysis (Sports Shop), the owner performs all the managerial duties whereas the employee tackles the mechanical activities of the business. Organization Structure Organization Structure is the process that enables allocation of tasks and responsibilities to different departments in the organizat ion. It influences division of labor to a great extent. This is because Organizational Structure sets clear guidelines as to what role each employee of the organization plays. In this case, it helps to avoid conflicts in the work place. Therefore, it provides a peaceful working environment. A wrong Organization Structure may mean the end of business for the organization in question. This is because Organization Structure helps to specify who makes what decision and the reason for that. The Sports Shop Structure is simple as there are only two workers involved. It employs a centralized structure. Hence, the owner makes all the managerial decisions. He (the owner) is responsible for the running of the shop. He only delegates the mechanical part to his employee. This structure ensures that the owner has full control and responsibility over the business. By making all the important managerial decisions, the owner remains sure that things will go right. The assumption is that the owner u ndertakes only those activities that benefit the business and help it to grow. Productivity As stated previously, small businesses are critical in most world economies, especially in developing countries. This is because they are productive in their areas of business. Since most small businesses sell proprietorships, their productivity heavily depends on the determination and diligence of their owners.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the recent past, small businesses have recorded high levels of productivity. This is because of the Governments’ efforts in encouraging entrepreneurship to create jobs. The cost of lending money has reduced greatly to enable Small-Scale Investors to invest more. Depressions in economies across the globe have led to massive job losses. As a last resort, economies dedicate their time to small businesses. Accountability Because of their manageable nature, small businesses have highly centralized and flat structures. In the Case above (Sports Shop), the employee has to be accountable to the owner. The owner has to be accountable to itself and to the customers. The owner has to be accountable to the employee to give him motivation for doing a good job. As much as it is the owner’s business, he also has to employ professionalism and to avoid subjectivity in the business. This will help him to avoid conflicts with his employee. This is another type of accountability. The employee has to be accountable to the owner for any business carried out in his (the owner’s) absentia. The owner has to be accountable to the employee in terms of salary increment/payment. This means that the owner has to be considerate of the welfare of the employee in terms of safety and monetary security. Planning Skills Planning is a major part of the organization. This is because, planning helps in the formulation of budge ts, monitoring of operations and directing the future of the organization as whole. Planning skills enable managers to visualize the future of the organization and set achievable goals. The owners of the small businesses do the planning. They decide what they intend to achieve in the short-run and the long run. They may involve the other employees as a source of information but they make the final planning decisions. In most small businesses, the owner’s experience in doing business affects planning. In addition, the environment in which business operates heavily affects it. As the business grows, it employs complex planning skills. Coordination Skills Business activities in small businesses follow a regular if not repetitive pattern. Consequently, their coordination requires less effort as the parties involved are accustomed to operating in the pattern.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sports Shop Organization Structure specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coordination is also easy because of the small number of employee/parties involved in performing the various tasks. In this case, there are only two parties involved in the operations of the Sports Shop. However, the owner naturally supervises the operations of the business. Furthermore, the owner performs most of the activities, which makes coordination easier. Coordination is paramount in ensuring that operations are successful in an organization. It helps to keep operations in line with the Vision and Mission of the organization. It also helps to marry operations with other related operations in order to complete projects successfully. In addition, coordination helps in controlling operations to ensure operations completion in time or as required. Finally, coordination ensures efficiency both in terms of time and cost.

Free Essays on Beating The Right Into Them

Beating the Right into Them The U.S. is very well known throughout the world for its violence and violent past. From the battles of the American Revolutionary War, to the civil rights riots of the 1960’s, all the way to the school shootings and terrorist attacks of recent times, violence has laid the foundation of our history books and museums. More recently, however, the American public has become more and more concerned with the root of this violence. A simpler, more contemporary explanation for our countries precedence of violence is the mass media, including: music, movies, video games, the internet and the news media. I believe the true explanation goes deeper than the media. If you look closer at our past conflicts like the Civil War or our current War on Terrorism there is a recurring theme in the causes. The uncompromising belief of righteousness has driven the U.S., its citizens, and those who would attack them to violent acts. The media may seem to be a valid explanation for our nation’s violence but when arguments blaming the media are closely examined they fall short of a full explanation. Renowned child care expert Benjamin Spock has come out speaking against watching violence in the media in his essay Should Children Play With Guns? claiming that watching violence can lower a child’s standards of behavior and stimulate cruelty in adults (Spock 526). However, this theory seemingly contradicts a point he makes earlier in the essay that growing children naturally learn to control their aggression as long as their parents encourage it. This second argument seems to say that the child’s reaction to the violence it views and level of aggression are subject to the rather arbitrary thoughts of their parents. Political activist, writer, and filmmaker Michael Moore shows a view differing from Spock’s in his film â€Å"Bowling for Columbine† where he points out that most of the violent media like movies, mus... Free Essays on Beating The Right Into Them Free Essays on Beating The Right Into Them Beating the Right into Them The U.S. is very well known throughout the world for its violence and violent past. From the battles of the American Revolutionary War, to the civil rights riots of the 1960’s, all the way to the school shootings and terrorist attacks of recent times, violence has laid the foundation of our history books and museums. More recently, however, the American public has become more and more concerned with the root of this violence. A simpler, more contemporary explanation for our countries precedence of violence is the mass media, including: music, movies, video games, the internet and the news media. I believe the true explanation goes deeper than the media. If you look closer at our past conflicts like the Civil War or our current War on Terrorism there is a recurring theme in the causes. The uncompromising belief of righteousness has driven the U.S., its citizens, and those who would attack them to violent acts. The media may seem to be a valid explanation for our nation’s violence but when arguments blaming the media are closely examined they fall short of a full explanation. Renowned child care expert Benjamin Spock has come out speaking against watching violence in the media in his essay Should Children Play With Guns? claiming that watching violence can lower a child’s standards of behavior and stimulate cruelty in adults (Spock 526). However, this theory seemingly contradicts a point he makes earlier in the essay that growing children naturally learn to control their aggression as long as their parents encourage it. This second argument seems to say that the child’s reaction to the violence it views and level of aggression are subject to the rather arbitrary thoughts of their parents. Political activist, writer, and filmmaker Michael Moore shows a view differing from Spock’s in his film â€Å"Bowling for Columbine† where he points out that most of the violent media like movies, mus...

Gem Infosys Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gem Infosys - Case Study Example Among the key actions are the formulation of a security response team and a policy on the recovery process. The security response team will be designed to respond to any security breaches. The team members must be responsible and endeavor to work in order to prevent security breaches. They should be available anytime time and even stop any work they are doing that is underway in order to deal with the impending incidence. The response team should be formed by the organizational employees. Each department should be represented in the response team to ensure a holistic approach in deterring the incidences. In order to function optimally, the team should be bestowed with the authority to make the decisions that are needed in order to prevent the threat or resolve the actual malware attack (Runciman, 2011). The team should have a leader that will help in conducting and directing the affairs of the group. The team should be trained on the response activities that are involved in ensuring security of the group. Key among them is staging fire drills. The internal exercises will be essential in determining the holes that can be the entry of the malware into the system. In order to save the cost of operating a team, the organization can hire an outside response team. It is much cheaper for the fact that the team will only have to deal with the actual security threats unlike the internal organization that has to deal with firewall management, changing user accounts and passwords, or reviewing log files. However, outsourcing the response team has its disadvantages for there is no effective and timely incidence response like in the case of the internal response team. The disaster recovery process involves getting the files and programs that have been compromised back into use. The files and disks are loaded back into the servers for use again. In the policy, the recovery team

Public Health Care Problems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Health Care Problems - Assignment Example The local and national health care providers are not responding adequately to those with mental disorders. This cannot however be blamed on them because the number of the health care providers with knowledge on how to handle such people is limited compared with the number of people with the mental disorders. They are therefore unable to cater fully for them. In some third world countries for example, the limited number of health care providers necessitates teaching of the family members the basics of catering for such people without necessarily having to keep them in health care facilities. The local health care communities cannot be held responsible for mandating specific care treatment for the affected population because they are aware of the needs of the locals and the abilities the local people have towards taking care and managing the mental diseases. They try to deal with the local patients suffering the mental illnesses according to the resources available locally without having to burden the people trying to seek resource nationally or outsource in other places which is not only costly but requires spending a lot of time. They have also spent a lot of time with the locals and hence are aware of the needs of the patients and can cater to them adequately (Compton & Kotwicki, 2007). Alcohol is a drug that is abused by the young population between the ages of 18yrs and 30yrs old. The young population use alcohol as a way to appear cool among their peers during the teenage stage of growth. As they continue to age, people use alcohol as a social drink and with time they use it as a way to forget the troubles or stressors in their environment. Older people from 35 years abuse prescription and over the counter drugs which they use to cure the pain in their failing bodies. They use the drugs to also relax their kinds as well as to induce sleep (McKenzie,